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Open-ended grading is central to equitable and personalized education, yet manual grading remains time-consuming and costly, underscoring the need for automated grading systems. Although recent neural and large language model (LLM) based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chengshuai Zhao , Fan Zhang , Kumar Satvik Chaudhary , Yiwen Li , Lo Pang-Yun Ting , Ying-Chih Chen , Huan Liu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) try to make the decision-making process transparent by exploring an intermediate concept space between the input image and the output prediction. Existing CBMs just learn coarse-grained relations between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yan Xie , Zequn Zeng , Hao Zhang , Yucheng Ding , Yi Wang , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen , Hongwei Liu

The main challenges hindering the adoption of deep learning-based systems in clinical settings are the scarcity of annotated data and the lack of interpretability and trust in these systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Models based on human-understandable concepts have received extensive attention to improve model interpretability for trustworthy artificial intelligence in the field of medical image analysis. These methods can provide convincing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Hongmei Wang , Junlin Hou , Hao Chen

Hierarchical multi-label classification (HMLC) is essential for modeling complex label dependencies in remote sensing. Existing methods, however, struggle with multi-path hierarchies where instances belong to multiple branches, and they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Marjan Stoimchev , Boshko Koloski , Jurica Levatić , Dragi Kocev , Sašo Džeroski

In recent years, Visual Anomaly Detection (VAD) has gained significant attention due to its ability to identify defects using only normal images during training. Many VAD models work without supervision but are still able to provide visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arianna Stropeni , Valentina Zaccaria , Francesco Borsatti , Davide Dalle Pezze , Manuel Barusco , Gian Antonio Susto

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are nowadays the model of choice in Computer Vision, thanks to their ability to automatize the feature extraction process in visual tasks. However, the knowledge acquired during training is fully…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Francesco Dibitonto , Fabio Garcea , André Panisson , Alan Perotti , Lia Morra

While RFML is expected to be a key enabler of future wireless standards, a significant challenge to the widespread adoption of RFML techniques is the lack of explainability in deep learning models. This work investigates the use of CB…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-06 Lauren J. Wong , Sean McPherson

Deep learning has advanced NLP, but interpretability remains limited, especially in healthcare and finance. Concept bottleneck models tie predictions to human concepts in vision, but NLP versions either use binary activations that harm text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Yibo Yang

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the opacity of neural architectures by constructing and explaining their predictions using a set of high-level concepts. A special property of these models is that they permit concept interventions,…

Concept Bottleneck Model (CBM) is a methods for explaining neural networks. In CBM, concepts which correspond to reasons of outputs are inserted in the last intermediate layer as observed values. It is expected that we can interpret the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-15 Naoki Hayashi , Yoshihide Sawada

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are a class of interpretable neural network models that predict the target response of a given input based on its high-level concepts. Unlike the standard end-to-end models, CBMs enable domain experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Sungbin Shin , Yohan Jo , Sungsoo Ahn , Namhoon Lee

Recent advances in vision-language models have significantly expanded the frontiers of automated image analysis. However, applying these models in safety-critical contexts remains challenging due to the complex relationships between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Muhammad Imran , Yugyung Lee

Many interpretable AI approaches have been proposed to provide plausible explanations for a model's decision-making. However, configuring an explainable model that effectively communicates among computational modules has received less…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Jinyung Hong , Keun Hee Park , Theodore P. Pavlic

The recent mass adoption of DNNs, even in safety-critical scenarios, has shifted the focus of the research community towards the creation of inherently intrepretable models. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) constitute a popular approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Dino Ienco , Diego Marcos

While concept-based interpretability methods have traditionally focused on local explanations of neural network predictions, we propose a novel framework and interactive tool that extends these methods into the domain of mechanistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Sofiia Chorna , Kateryna Tarelkina , Eloïse Berthier , Gianni Franchi

Despite the transformative impact of deep learning across multiple domains, the inherent opacity of these models has driven the development of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). Among these efforts, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Songning Lai , Jiayu Yang , Yu Huang , Lijie Hu , Tianlang Xue , Zhangyi Hu , Jiaxu Li , Haicheng Liao , Yutao Yue

Different from the traditional classification tasks which assume mutual exclusion of labels, hierarchical multi-label classification (HMLC) aims to assign multiple labels to every instance with the labels organized under hierarchical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Boli Chen , Xin Huang , Lin Xiao , Zixin Cai , Liping Jing

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) ensure interpretability by decomposing predictions into human interpretable concepts. Yet the annotations used for training CBMs that enable this transparency are often noisy, and the impact of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Seonghwan Park , Jueun Mun , Donghyun Oh , Namhoon Lee

Recent concept-based interpretable models have succeeded in providing meaningful explanations by pre-defined concept sets. However, the dependency on the pre-defined concepts restricts the application because of the limited number of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Kosuke Nishida