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We present a comprehensive and self-contained simplified review of the quantum computing scheme of Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 190504 (2007), which features a 2-D nearest neighbor coupled lattice of qubits, a threshold error rate approaching 1%,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Austin G. Fowler , Ashley M. Stephens , Peter Groszkowski

Device error rates on current quantum computers have improved enough to where demonstrations of error correction below break-even are now possible. Still, the circuits required for quantum error correction introduce significant overhead and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-01 Noah Berthusen , Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Eric Huang , Daniel Gottesman

Quantum computers promise to solve problems that are intractable for classical computers, but qubits are vulnerable to many sources of error, limiting the depth of the circuits that can be reliably executed on today's quantum hardware.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-04 Daniel Honciuc Menendez , Annie Ray , Michael Vasmer

Fault-tolerant quantum computation critically depends on architectures uniting high encoding rates with physical implementability. Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes, including bivariate bicycle (BB) codes, achieve dramatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Yingli Yang , Guo Zhang , Ying Li

We consider the problem of a generic stabilizer Hamiltonian under local, incoherent Pauli errors. Using two different approaches -- (i) Haah's polynomial formalism arXiv:1204.1063 and (ii) the homological perspective on CSS codes -- we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-07 Anasuya Lyons

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes are a promising construction for drastically reducing the overhead of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) architectures. However, all of the known hardware implementations of these codes…

We reduce the extra qubits needed for two fault-tolerant quantum computing protocols: error correction, specifically syndrome bit measurement, and cat state preparation. For distance-three fault-tolerant syndrome extraction, we show an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-25 Prithviraj Prabhu , Ben W. Reichardt

The disjointness of a stabilizer code is a quantity used to constrain the level of the logical Clifford hierarchy attainable by transversal gates and constant-depth quantum circuits. We show that for any positive integer constant $c$, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 John Bostanci , Aleksander Kubica

Physical implementation of scalable quantum architectures faces an immense challenge in form of fragile quantum states. To overcome it, quantum architectures with fault tolerance is desirable. This is achieved currently by using surface…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Laxmidhar Biswal , Debjyoti Bhattacharjee , Anupam Chattopadhyay , Hafizur Rahaman

Homomorphic quantum error correction aims to protect quantum data against both unauthorized access and environmental noise during server-based processing. We investigate the algebraic compatibility between quantum homomorphic encryption and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Kornikar Sen , Miguel A. Martin-Delgado

Scalable realisation of quantum computing is reliant on the development of fault tolerant devices. Analysis of quantum error correction protocols typically considers incoherent noise models or noise-free syndrome measurements. While this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

We calculate the fidelity with which an arbitrary state can be encoded into a [7,1,3] CSS quantum error correction code in a non-equiprobable Pauli operator error environment with the goal of determining whether this encoding can be used…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-19 Sidney D. Buchbinder , Channing L. Huang , Yaakov S. Weinstein

As there is no quantum error correction code with universal set of transversal gates, several approaches have been proposed which, in combination of transversal gates, make universal fault-tolerant quantum computation possible. Magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-07 Eesa Nikahd , Morteza Saheb Zamani , Mehdi Sedighi

Atom loss is a major error source in neutral-atom quantum computers, accounting for over 40% of the total physical errors in recent experiments. Its nonlinear and correlated nature poses significant challenges: current syndrome extraction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Pengyu Liu , Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Eric Huang , Umut A. Acar , Hengyun Zhou , Chen Zhao

Quantum error correction requires accurate and efficient decoding to optimally suppress errors in the encoded information. For concatenated codes, where one code is embedded within another, optimal decoding can be achieved using a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Basudha Srivastava , Yinzi Xiao , Anton Frisk Kockum , Ben Criger , Mats Granath

Recently, a class of fractal surface codes (FSCs), has been constructed on fractal lattices with Hausdorff dimension $2+\epsilon$, which admits a fault-tolerant non-Clifford CCZ gate. We investigate the performance of such FSCs as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-27 Arpit Dua , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Guanyu Zhu

We provide a detailed study of the general structure of two-dimensional topological stabilizer quantum error correcting codes, including subsystem codes. Under the sole assumption of translational invariance, we show that all such codes can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-28 H. Bombin

The stabiliser formalism plays a central role in quantum computing, error correction, and fault tolerance. Conversions between and verifications of different specifications of stabiliser states and Clifford gates are important components of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-09 Nadish de Silva , Wilfred Salmon , Ming Yin

We study the protection of information in nearly critical topological quantum codes, constructed by perturbing topological stabilizer codes towards continuous quantum phase transitions. Our focus is on the transverse-field toric code…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-17 Zack Weinstein , Samuel J. Garratt

Fast, reliable logical operations are essential for realizing useful quantum computers. By redundantly encoding logical qubits into many physical qubits and using syndrome measurements to detect and correct errors, one can achieve low…