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In this paper, we present a flowchart-based description of the decoy-state BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and provide a step-by-step, self-contained information-theoretic security proof for this protocol within the universal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Akihiro Mizutani , Toshihiko Sasaki , Go Kato

Device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) is often seen as the ultimate key exchange protocol in terms of security, as it can be performed securely with uncharacterised black-box devices. The advent of DI-QKD closes several…

Twin-field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) and its variant protocols are highly attractive due to the advantage of overcoming the rate-loss limit for secret key rates of point-to-point QKD protocols. For variations of TF-QKD, the key…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has emerged as a promising approach for secure quantum communication, offering advantages such as high key generation rates, compatibility with standard telecommunication infrastructure,…

In the next years the data transmission connections will constitute one of the principal tools of communication among cities, enterprises and public administration. With their enhanced connectivity, the systems and nets of information are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-04-14 Fabio A. Bovino , Maurizio Giardina

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is currently being discussed as a technology to safeguard communication in a future where quantum computers compromise traditional public-key cryptosystems. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive security…

Recently, Takeoka, Guha and Wilde have established a new (loose) upper bound on the secret key capacity of a pure-loss bosonic channel that is several times larger than an error-free BB84 QKD channel with same transmittance. This suggests…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-27 Richard J. Hughes , Jane E. Nordholt

This paper presents a practical solution to the problem of limited bandwidth in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)- secured communication through using rapidly rekeyed Internet Protocol security (IPsec) links. QKD is a cutting-edge security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Stefan Marksteiner , Benjamin Rainer , Oliver Maurhart

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary cryptography response to the rapidly growing cyberattacks threat posed by quantum computing. Yet, the roadblock limiting the vast expanse of secure quantum communication is the exponential…

Mediated semi-quantum key distribution (M-SQKD) permits two limited "semi-quantum" or "classical" users to establish a secret key with the help of a third party (TP), in which TP has fully quantum power and may be untrusted. Several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-07 Chong-Qiang Ye , Jian Li , Xiu-Bo Chen , Yan-Yan Hou

Authentication is a fundamental building block of secure quantum networks, essential for quantum cryptographic protocols and often debated as a key limitation of quantum key distribution (QKD) in security standards. Most quantum-safe…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Suchetana Goswami , Mina Doosti , Elham Kashefi

Current quantum communication protocols rely heavily on classical authentication for message origin verification, leaving them vulnerable to evolving attacks that exploit classical trust assumptions. In this work, we propose a novel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-09 Asgar Hosseinnezhad , Hadi Sabri

Information-theoretical security of quantum key distribution (QKD) has been convincingly proven in recent years and remarkable experiments have shown the potential of QKD for real world applications. Due to its unique capability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-26 Marco Lucamarini , James F. Dynes , Bernd Fröhlich , Zhiliang Yuan , Andrew J. Shields

Several vulnerabilities of single photon detectors have recently been exploited to compromise the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) systems. In this letter we report the first proof-of-principle implementation of a new quantum key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-03 Allison Rubenok , Joshua A. Slater , Philip Chan , Itzel Lucio-Martinez , Wolfgang Tittel

Most security proofs of quantum key distribution (QKD) assume that there is no unwanted information leakage about the state preparation process. However, this assumption is impossible to guarantee in practice, as QKD systems can leak…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) provides an information-theoretic way of securely exchanging secret keys, and typically relies on pre-shared keys or public keys for message authentication. To lift the requirement of pre-shared or public…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Wen Yu Kon , Ignatius William Primaatmaja , Kaushik Chakraborty , Charles Lim

Secure communication over long distances is one of the major problems of modern informatics. Classical transmissions are recognized to be vulnerable to quantum computer attacks. Remarkably, the same quantum mechanics that engenders quantum…

We address continuous variable quantum key distribution (QKD) in non-Markovian lossy channels and show how the non-Markovian features may be exploited to enhance security and/or to detect the presence and the position of an eavesdropper…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Ruggero Vasile , Stefano Olivares , Matteo G A Paris , Sabrina Maniscalco

We introduce a family of QKD protocols for distributing shared random keys within a network of $n$ users. The advantage of these protocols is that any possible key structure needed within the network, including broadcast keys shared among…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-21 Matej Pivoluska , Marcus Huber , Mehul Malik

With the rise of quantum technologies, data security increasingly relies on quantum cryptography and its most notable application, quantum key distribution (QKD). Yet, current technological limitations, in particular, the unavailability of…