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Sampling multiple responses improves language model reasoning, but uniform compute allocation is inefficient: easy questions are over-sampled while hard questions remain under-explored. We propose Uncertainty-Aware Budget Allocation (UAB),…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Manh Nguyen , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

In-context learning is a surprising and important phenomenon that emerged when modern language models were scaled to billions of learned parameters. Without modifying a large language model's weights, it can be tuned to perform various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Noam Wies , Yoav Levine , Amnon Shashua

Large language models excel at reasoning but lack key aspects of introspection, including anticipating their own success and the computation required to achieve it. Humans use real-time introspection to decide how much effort to invest,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Rohin Manvi , Joey Hong , Tim Seyde , Maxime Labonne , Mathias Lechner , Sergey Levine

A central challenge in large-scale decision-making under incomplete information is estimating reliable probabilities. Recent approaches use Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate explanatory factors and coarse-grained probability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wentao Qiu , Guanran Luo , Zhongquan Jian , Jingqi Gao , Meihong Wang , Qingqiang Wu

In this work, we consider adaptive linear programming (ALP) decoding of linear codes over the finite field $\mathbb{F}_p$ of size $p$ where $p$ is a prime. In particular, we provide a general construction of valid inequalities for the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-20 Eirik Rosnes , Michael Helmling

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly progressed into general-purpose agents capable of solving a broad spectrum of tasks. However, current models remain inefficient at reasoning: they apply fixed inference-time compute regardless of…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, but most existing methods emphasize feasible-instance solution generation and do not explicitly address infeasibility detection. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yakun Wang , Min Chen , Zeguan Wu , Junyu Liu , Sitao Zhang , Zhenwen Shao

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have automated various software engineering tasks, with benchmarks emerging to evaluate their capabilities. However, for adaptation, a critical activity during code reuse, there is no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Tanghaoran Zhang , Xinjun Mao , Shangwen Wang , Yuxin Zhao , Yao Lu , Jin Zhang , Zhang Zhang , Kang Yang , Yue Yu

Large language models (LLMs) trained on unfiltered corpora inherently risk retaining sensitive information, necessitating selective knowledge unlearning for regulatory compliance and ethical safety. However, existing parameter-modifying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhaokun Wang , Jinyu Guo , Jingwen Pu , Hongli Pu , Meng Yang , Xunlei Chen , Jie Ou , Wenyi Li , Guangchun Luo , Wenhong Tian

Large Language Model (LLM)-based code assistants have emerged as a powerful application of generative AI, demonstrating impressive capabilities in code generation and comprehension. A key requirement for these systems is their ability to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Itay Dreyfuss , Antonio Abu Nassar , Samuel Ackerman , Axel Ben David , Eitan Farchi , Rami Katan , Orna Raz , Marcel Zalmanovici

We address the challenge of learning safe and robust decision policies in presence of uncertainty in context of the real scientific problem of adaptive resource oversubscription to enhance resource efficiency while ensuring safety against…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Lu Wang , Mayukh Das , Fangkai Yang , Chao Duo , Bo Qiao , Hang Dong , Si Qin , Chetan Bansal , Qingwei Lin , Saravan Rajmohan , Dongmei Zhang , Qi Zhang

Recent advances in aligning Large Language Models with human preferences have benefited from larger reward models and better preference data. However, most of these methodologies rely on the accuracy of the reward model. The reward models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Debangshu Banerjee , Aditya Gopalan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across diverse applications, yet their deployment remains challenging due to substantial computational costs, memory requirements, and energy consumption. Recent empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kaito Tanaka , Masato Ito , Yuji Nishimura , Keisuke Matsuda , Aya Nakayama

Large reasoning models (LRMs) achieve higher performance on challenging reasoning tasks by generating more tokens at inference time, but this verbosity often wastes computation on easy problems. Existing solutions, including supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Violet Xiang , Chase Blagden , Rafael Rafailov , Nathan Lile , Sang Truong , Chelsea Finn , Nick Haber

This paper presents an uncertainty compensation-based robust adaptive model predictive control (MPC) framework for linear systems with both matched and unmatched nonlinear uncertainties subject to both state and input constraints. In…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-27 Ran Tao , Pan Zhao , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Naira Hovakimyan

Model Predictive Control (MPC) offers safe and near-optimal control but suffers from high computational costs. Approximate MPC (AMPC) mitigates this by learning a cheaper surrogate policy, typically by training a neural network on state-MPC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-13 Elias Milios , Felix Berkel , Felix Gruber , Melanie N. Zeilinger , Kim P. Wabersich

Decoding strategies play a central role in shaping the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs). Traditional methods such as greedy decoding and beam search often suffer from error propagation, while sampling-based approaches…

We propose a novel adaptive approximation approach for test-time resource-constrained prediction. Given an input instance at test-time, a gating function identifies a prediction model for the input among a collection of models. Our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-30 Feng Nan , Venkatesh Saligrama

This paper introduces an uncertainty compensation-based robust adaptive model predictive control (MPC) framework for linear systems with nonlinear time-varying uncertainties. The framework integrates an L1 adaptive controller to compensate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Ran Tao , Pan Zhao , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Naira Hovakimyan

A major challenge to deploying cyber-physical systems with learning-enabled controllers is to ensure their safety, especially in the face of changing environments that necessitate runtime knowledge acquisition. Model-checking and automated…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yao Feng , Jun Zhu , André Platzer , Jonathan Laurent