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Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been explored for decades with the goal to support teachers by reducing grading workload and mitigating subjective biases. While early systems relied on handcrafted features and statistical models, recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jonas Kubesch , Lena Huber , Clemens Havas

Sorting is a tedious but simple task for human intelligence and can be solved fairly easily algorithmically. However, for Large Language Models (LLMs) this task is surprisingly hard, as some properties of sorting are among known weaknesses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Steffen Herbold

Recent studies have highlighted the significant potential of Large Language Models (LLMs) as zero-shot relevance rankers. These methods predominantly utilize prompt learning to assess the relevance between queries and documents by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Dezhi Ye , Junwei Hu , Jiabin Fan , Bowen Tian , Jie Liu , Haijin Liang , Jin Ma

Legal NLP benchmarks are overwhelmingly English-centric, leaving failure modes in morphologically rich, non-Latin-script languages undetected. We introduce UA-Legal-Bench, a five-task benchmark for evaluating large language models on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Volodymyr Ovcharov

Anomaly detection in computational workflows is critical for ensuring system reliability and security. However, traditional rule-based methods struggle to detect novel anomalies. This paper leverages large language models (LLMs) for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Hongwei Jin , George Papadimitriou , Krishnan Raghavan , Pawel Zuk , Prasanna Balaprakash , Cong Wang , Anirban Mandal , Ewa Deelman

The application of large language models (LLMs) to healthcare information extraction has emerged as a promising approach. This study evaluates the classification performance of five open-source LLMs: GEMMA-3-27B-IT, LLAMA3-70B, LLAMA4-109B,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yuting Guo , Abeed Sarker

As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, practitioners face increasing options for enhancing inference-time performance without model retraining, including budget tuning and multi-step techniques like self-reflection. While these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Jack Butler , Nikita Kozodoi , Zainab Afolabi , Brian Tyacke , Gaiar Baimuratov

Understanding abstract meanings is crucial for advanced language comprehension. Despite extensive research, abstract words remain challenging due to their non-concrete, high-level semantics. SemEval-2021 Task 4 (ReCAM) evaluates models'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Hamoud Alhazmi , Jiachen Jiang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on NLP classification tasks. However, they typically rely on aggregated labels-often via majority voting-which can obscure the human disagreement inherent in subjective annotations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Benedetta Muscato , Yue Li , Gizem Gezici , Zhixue Zhao , Fosca Giannotti

This study evaluates the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) as an Artificial Intelligence-based tutor for a university course. In particular, different advanced techniques are utilized, such as prompt engineering,…

This work investigates whether small-scale LMs can benefit from instruction tuning. We compare conversational and question-answering instruction tuning datasets, applied either in a merged or sequential curriculum, using decoder-only models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Luca Capone , Alessandro Bondielli , Alessandro Lenci

Prompt Recovery, reconstructing prompts from the outputs of large language models (LLMs), has grown in importance as LLMs become ubiquitous. Most users access LLMs through APIs without internal model weights, relying only on outputs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shenyang Liu , Yang Gao , Shaoyan Zhai , Liqiang Wang

This paper presents a novel framework for enhancing reasoning capabilities in large language models (LLMs) by leveraging iterative reasoning and feedback-driven methodologies. Building on the limitations identified in the SimpleBench…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Soham Sane , Angus McLean

Active learning is designed to minimize annotation efforts by prioritizing instances that most enhance learning. However, many active learning strategies struggle with a `cold-start' problem, needing substantial initial data to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Markus Bayer , Justin Lutz , Christian Reuter

Advances in automated essay scoring (AES) have traditionally relied on labeled essays, requiring tremendous cost and expertise for their acquisition. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success in various tasks, but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Sanwoo Lee , Yida Cai , Desong Meng , Ziyang Wang , Yunfang Wu

We introduce LAMPO, a novel paradigm that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) for solving few-shot multi-class ordinal classification tasks. Unlike conventional methods, which concatenate all demonstration examples with the test instance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Zhen Qin , Junru Wu , Jiaming Shen , Tianqi Liu , Xuanhui Wang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to document-based tasks - such as document summarization, question answering, and information extraction - where user requirements focus on retrieving information from provided…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Vipula Rawte , Ryan A. Rossi , Franck Dernoncourt , Nedim Lipka

In this work, we present a novel method for music emotion recognition that leverages Large Language Model (LLM) embeddings for label alignment across multiple datasets and zero-shot prediction on novel categories. First, we compute LLM…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Renhang Liu , Abhinaba Roy , Dorien Herremans

Thousands of diverse benchmarks have been developed to measure the quality of large language models (LLMs). Yet prior work has demonstrated that LLM performance is often sufficiently explained by a small set of latent factors, or abilities.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Adam Wiemerslage , Seth Ebner , Charles Lovering , Chris Tanner

We introduce a method for efficient multi-label text classification with large language models (LLMs), built on reformulating classification tasks as sequences of dichotomic (yes/no) decisions. Instead of generating all labels in a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mikołaj Langner , Jan Eliasz , Ewa Rudnicka , Jan Kocoń