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Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles requires virtual scenario-based testing, which depends on the robust evaluation and generation of safety-critical scenarios. So far, researchers have used scenario-based testing frameworks that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Yuan Gao , Mattia Piccinini , Korbinian Moller , Amr Alanwar , Johannes Betz

Background Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in medical consultations, yet their safety under realistic user pressures remains understudied. Prior assessments focused on neutral conditions, overlooking vulnerabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Vahideh Zolfaghari

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, has raised concerns about their potential impact on academic integrity, prompting the need for LLM-resistant exam designs. This article investigates the performance of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Simon kaare Larsen

The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has created new disruptive possibilities for persuasive communication, enabling fully-automated, personalized, and interactive content generation at an unprecedented scale. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Sander Noels , Alexander Rogiers , Maarten Buyl , Tijl De Bie

Evaluating aligned large language models' (LLMs) ability to recognize and reject unsafe user requests is crucial for safe, policy-compliant deployments. Existing evaluation efforts, however, face three limitations that we address with…

Recent advances in prompt engineering enable large language models (LLMs) to solve multi-hop logical reasoning problems with impressive accuracy. However, there is little existing work investigating the robustness of LLMs with few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Hongyi Zheng , Abulhair Saparov

Large vision-language models (VLMs) such as GPT-4 have achieved unprecedented performance in response generation, especially with visual inputs, enabling more creative and adaptable interaction than large language models such as ChatGPT.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yunqing Zhao , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Xiao Yang , Chongxuan Li , Ngai-Man Cheung , Min Lin

The safety and reliability of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) must be validated prior to large-scale deployment. Among existing validation approaches, scenario-based testing has been regarded as a promising method to improve testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yongqi Zhao , Ji Zhou , Dong Bi , Tomislav Mihalj , Jia Hu , Arno Eichberger

When building Large Language Models (LLMs), it is paramount to bear safety in mind and protect them with guardrails. Indeed, LLMs should never generate content promoting or normalizing harmful, illegal, or unethical behavior that may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Simone Tedeschi , Felix Friedrich , Patrick Schramowski , Kristian Kersting , Roberto Navigli , Huu Nguyen , Bo Li

Large Language Model (LLM) based judges form the underpinnings of key safety evaluation processes such as offline benchmarking, automated red-teaming, and online guardrailing. This widespread requirement raises the crucial question: can we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Francisco Eiras , Eliott Zemour , Eric Lin , Vaikkunth Mugunthan

The performance of large language models (LLMs) is acutely sensitive to the phrasing of prompts, which raises significant concerns about their reliability in real-world scenarios. Existing studies often divide prompts into task-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Bowen Cao , Deng Cai , Zhisong Zhang , Yuexian Zou , Wai Lam

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate complex responses to threat-based manipulations, revealing both vulnerabilities and unexpected performance enhancement opportunities. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 3,390…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Atil Samancioglu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized conversational AI, yet their robustness in extended multi-turn dialogues remains poorly understood. Existing evaluation frameworks focus on static benchmarks and single-turn assessments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yubo Li , Ramayya Krishnan , Rema Padman

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been garnering significant attention of AI researchers, especially following the widespread popularity of ChatGPT. However, due to LLMs' intricate architecture and vast parameters, several concerns and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Tinghui Ouyang , Hoang-Quoc Nguyen-Son , Huy H. Nguyen , Isao Echizen , Yoshiki Seo

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) has sparked widespread and general interest due to their strong language generation capabilities, offering great potential for both industry and research. While previous research delved into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Lukas Struppek , Minh Hieu Le , Dominik Hintersdorf , Kristian Kersting

We investigate the adversarial robustness of LLMs in transfer learning scenarios. Through comprehensive experiments on multiple datasets (MBIB Hate Speech, MBIB Political Bias, MBIB Gender Bias) and various model architectures (BERT,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Bohdan Turbal , Anastasiia Mazur , Jiaxu Zhao , Mykola Pechenizkiy

Owing to the exceptional performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, LLM-based NLP software has rapidly gained traction across various domains, such as financial analysis and content moderation.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Mingxuan Xiao , Yan Xiao , Shunhui Ji , Yunhe Li , Lei Xue , Pengcheng Zhang

Evaluating the social intelligence of Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly requires moving beyond static text generation toward dynamic, adversarial interaction. We introduce the Adversarial Resource Extraction Game (AREG), a benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Adib Sakhawat , Fardeen Sadab

Enhancing the moral alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical challenge in AI safety. Current alignment techniques often act as superficial guardrails, leaving the intrinsic moral representations of LLMs largely untouched. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Luoming Hu , Jingjie Zeng , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from chatbots to agentic assistants, they are increasingly observed to exhibit risky behaviors when subjected to survival pressure, such as the threat of being shut down. While multiple cases have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yida Lu , Jianwei Fang , Xuyang Shao , Zixuan Chen , Shiyao Cui , Shanshan Bian , Guangyao Su , Pei Ke , Han Qiu , Minlie Huang
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