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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task for ensuring the reliability and safety of deep neural networks in real-world scenarios. Different from most previous OOD detection methods that focus on designing OOD scores or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yao Zhu , YueFeng Chen , Chuanlong Xie , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , bolun zheng , Yaowu Chen

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in-the-wild, enabling accurate identification of test samples that differ from the training data distribution. Existing methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Ruisong Han , Zongbo Han , Jiahao Zhang , Mingyue Cheng , Changqing Zhang

When testing data and training data come from different distributions, deep neural networks (DNNs) will face significant safety risks in practical applications. Therefore, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection techniques, which can identify…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Cheng Yang , Yu Hao , Qi Zhang , Chuan Shi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) data poses serious challenges in deployed machine learning models as even subtle changes could incur significant performance drops. Being able to estimate a model's performance on test data is important in practice…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Yuzhe Lu , Zhenlin Wang , Runtian Zhai , Soheil Kolouri , Joseph Campbell , Katia Sycara

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a crucial problem for the safe deployment of machine learning models identifying samples that fall outside of the training distribution, i.e. in-distribution data (ID). Most OOD works focus on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Soroush Seifi , Daniel Olmeda Reino , Nikolay Chumerin , Rahaf Aljundi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for reliable deployment of machine learning systems in vision, robotics, reinforcement learning, and beyond. We introduce Score-Curvature Out-of-distribution Proximity Evaluator for Diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Brett Barkley , Preston Culbertson , David Fridovich-Keil

In this paper, we introduce ProtoOcc, a novel 3D occupancy prediction model designed to predict the occupancy states and semantic classes of 3D voxels through a deep semantic understanding of scenes. ProtoOcc consists of two main…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Jungho Kim , Changwon Kang , Dongyoung Lee , Sehwan Choi , Jun Won Choi

3D environment recognition is essential for autonomous driving systems, as autonomous vehicles require a comprehensive understanding of surrounding scenes. Recently, the predominant approach to define this real-life problem is through 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Huizhou Chen , Jiangyi Wang , Yuxin Li , Na Zhao , Jun Cheng , Xulei Yang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. For instance, in autonomous driving, we would like the driving system to issue an alert and hand over the control to humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Recent research has shown that pre-trained vision-language models are effective at identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) samples by using negative labels as guidance. However, employing consistent negative labels across different OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yabin Zhang , Lei Zhang

Recent advances on large-scale pre-training have shown great potentials of leveraging a large set of Pre-Trained Models (PTMs) for improving Out-of-Distribution (OoD) generalization, for which the goal is to perform well on possible unseen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Qishi Dong , Awais Muhammad , Fengwei Zhou , Chuanlong Xie , Tianyang Hu , Yongxin Yang , Sung-Ho Bae , Zhenguo Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods often exploit auxiliary outliers to train model identifying OOD samples, especially discovering challenging outliers from auxiliary outliers dataset to improve OOD detection. However, they may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yichen Bai , Zongbo Han , Changqing Zhang , Bing Cao , Xiaoheng Jiang , Qinghua Hu

Most of the existing Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection algorithms depend on single input source: the feature, the logit, or the softmax probability. However, the immense diversity of the OOD examples makes such methods fragile. There are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Haoqi Wang , Zhizhong Li , Litong Feng , Wayne Zhang

3D semantic occupancy prediction has emerged as a critical perception task for autonomous driving due to its ability to offer voxel-level semantic and geometric understanding of the environment. However, such a refined representation for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Hanlin Wu , Pengfei Lin , Ehsan Javanmardi , Naren Bao , Bo Qian , Hao Si , Manabu Tsukada

Unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify out-of-domain data by learning only from unlabeled In-Distribution (ID) training samples, which is crucial for developing a safe real-world machine learning system. Current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ying Yang , De Cheng , Chaowei Fang , Yubiao Wang , Changzhe Jiao , Lechao Cheng , Nannan Wang

Deep neural networks have shown outstanding performance in computer vision tasks such as semantic segmentation and have defined the state-of-the-art. However, these segmentation models are trained on a closed and predefined set of semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Samuel Marschall , Kira Maag

3D semantic occupancy and flow prediction are fundamental to spatiotemporal scene understanding. This paper proposes a vision-based framework with three targeted improvements. First, we introduce an occlusion-aware adaptive lifting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Dubing Chen , Jin Fang , Wencheng Han , Xinjing Cheng , Junbo Yin , Chenzhong Xu , Fahad Shahbaz Khan , Jianbing Shen

Predictive machine learning models generally excel on in-distribution data, but their performance degrades on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. Reliable deployment therefore requires robust OOD detection, yet this is particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 David Graber , Victor Armegioiu , Rebecca Buller , Siddhartha Mishra

In recent years, autonomous driving has garnered escalating attention for its potential to relieve drivers' burdens and improve driving safety. Vision-based 3D occupancy prediction, which predicts the spatial occupancy status and semantics…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yanan Zhang , Jinqing Zhang , Zengran Wang , Junhao Xu , Di Huang

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection aims to identify test examples that do not belong to the training distribution and are thus unlikely to be predicted reliably. Despite a plethora of existing works, most of them focused only on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Reza Averly , Wei-Lun Chao