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Advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) enable sequential decision making for a range of exciting multi-agent applications such as cooperative AI and autonomous driving. Explaining agent decisions is crucial for improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Most commodity software lacks accessible Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), requiring autonomous agents to interact solely through pixel-based Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). In this API-free setting, large language model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Chenwei Tang , Lin Long , Xinyu Liu , Jingyu Xing , Zizhou Wang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Jiawei Du , Liangli Zhen , Jiancheng Lv

Retrieval-augmented Generation (RAG) extends large language models (LLMs) with external knowledge but faces key challenges: restricted effective context length and redundancy in retrieved documents. Pure compression-based approaches reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yiqiao Jin , Kartik Sharma , Vineeth Rakesh , Yingtong Dou , Menghai Pan , Mahashweta Das , Srijan Kumar

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) face two fundamental limitations: excessive token consumption when overanalyzing simple information processing tasks, and inability to access up-to-date knowledge beyond their training data. We introduce MARS…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Guoxin Chen , Zile Qiao , Wenqing Wang , Donglei Yu , Xuanzhong Chen , Hao Sun , Minpeng Liao , Kai Fan , Yong Jiang , Penguin Xie , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ruihua Song , Fei Huang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are usually defined by the combination of a generator and a retrieval component that extracts textual context from a knowledge base to answer user queries. However, such basic implementations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Pietro Ferrazzi , Milica Cvjeticanin , Alessio Piraccini , Davide Giannuzzi

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) shows promise for enterprise knowledge work, yet it often underperforms in high-stakes decision settings that require deep synthesis, strict traceability, and recovery from underspecified prompts.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xincheng You , Qi Sun , Neha Bora , Huayi Li , Shubham Goel , Kang Li , Sean Culatana

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a reliable external knowledge augmentation technique to mitigate hallucination issues and parameterized knowledge limitations in Large Language Models (LLMs). Existing adaptive RAG (ARAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Qingfei Zhao , Ruobing Wang , Yukuo Cen , Daren Zha , Shicheng Tan , Jie Tang

Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a new paradigm where the reasoning model decides when to invoke a retriever (as a "tool") when answering a question. This paradigm, exemplified by recent research works such as Search-R1,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Fangzheng Tian , Jinyuan Fang , Debasis Ganguly , Zaiqiao Meng , Craig Macdonald

As LLMs exhibit a high degree of human-like capability, increasing attention has been paid to role-playing research areas in which responses generated by LLMs are expected to mimic human replies. This has promoted the exploration of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Le Huang , Hengzhi Lan , Zijun Sun , Chuan Shi , Ting Bai

This paper proposes a group deliberation oriented multi-agent conversational model to address the limitations of single large language models in complex reasoning tasks. The model adopts a three-level role division architecture consisting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Zheyu Shi , Dong Qiu , Shanlong Yu

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has emerged as a powerful approach to mitigate large language model (LLM) hallucinations by incorporating external knowledge retrieval. However, existing RAG frameworks often apply retrieval…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Jinyan Su , Jennifer Healey , Preslav Nakov , Claire Cardie

Large language models (LLMs) excel in question-answering (QA) tasks, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances their precision by incorporating external evidence from diverse sources like web pages, databases, and knowledge graphs.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Yikuan Xia , Jiazun Chen , Yirui Zhan , Suifeng Zhao , Weipeng Jiang , Chaorui Zhang , Wei Han , Bo Bai , Jun Gao

Existing studies have optimized retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) across various sub-tasks, such as query understanding and retrieval refinement, but integrating these optimizations into a unified framework remains challenging. To tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yutao Zhu , Jiajie Jin , Hongjin Qian , Zheng Liu , Zhicheng Dou , Ji-Rong Wen

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models with external evidence, but many implementations rely on pre-built indices that remain static after construction. Related queries therefore repeat similar multi-hop…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yifan Wang , Mingxuan Jiang , Zhihao Sun , Yixin Cao , Yicun Liu , Keyang Chen , Guangnan Ye , Hongfeng Chai

The growing interest in Large Language Models (LLMs) for specialized applications has revealed a significant challenge: when tailored to specific domains, LLMs tend to experience catastrophic forgetting, compromising their general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Rui Wang , Fei Mi , Yi Chen , Boyang Xue , Hongru Wang , Qi Zhu , Kam-Fai Wong , Ruifeng Xu

Designing protocols enhancing cooperation for multi-agent systems remains a grand challenge. Cheap talk, defined as costless, non-binding communication before formal action, serves as a pivotal solution. However, existing theoretical…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zhao Song , Chen Shen , Zhen Wang , The Anh Han

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems traditionally treat retrieval and generation as separate processes, requiring explicit textual queries to connect them. This separation can limit the ability of models to generalize across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Wenzheng Zhang , Xi Victoria Lin , Karl Stratos , Wen-tau Yih , Mingda Chen

Discovering successful coordinated behaviors is a central challenge in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) since it requires exploring a joint action space that grows exponentially with the number of agents. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Ammar Fayad , Majd Ibrahim

Agentic Reinforcement Learning (Agentic RL) has achieved notable success in enabling agents to perform complex reasoning and tool use. However, most methods still relies on sparse outcome-based reward for training. Such feedback fails to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Kaixuan Fan , Kaituo Feng , Manyuan Zhang , Tianshuo Peng , Zhixun Li , Yilei Jiang , Shuang Chen , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Xiangyu Yue

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has gained significant attention in recent years for its potential to enhance natural language understanding and generation by combining large-scale retrieval systems with generative models. RAG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Mingyue Cheng , Yucong Luo , Jie Ouyang , Qi Liu , Huijie Liu , Li Li , Shuo Yu , Bohou Zhang , Jiawei Cao , Jie Ma , Daoyu Wang , Enhong Chen