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Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by using a fast draft model to generate tokens and a more accurate target model to verify them. Its performance depends on the $\textit{acceptance length}$, or number of draft tokens accepted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Avinash Kumar , Sujay Sanghavi , Poulami Das

Meeting stringent Time-To-First-Token (TTFT) requirements is crucial for LLM applications. To improve efficiency, modern LLM serving systems adopt disaggregated architectures with diverse parallelisms, introducing complex multi-stage…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yijun Sun , Xudong Liao , Songrun Xie , Hao Chen , Han Tian , Wenxue Li , Yiming Zhang , Kai Chen

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across a wide range of complex tasks and are increasingly deployed at scale, placing significant demands on inference efficiency. Prior work typically decomposes inference into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Junhao Hu , Fangze Li , Mingtao Xu , Feifan Meng , Shiju Zhao , Tiancheng Hu , Ting Peng , Anmin Liu , Wenrui Huang , Chenxu Liu , Ziyue Hua , Tao Xie

To advance time series forecasting (TSF), various methods have been proposed to improve prediction accuracy, evolving from statistical techniques to data-driven deep learning architectures. Despite their effectiveness, most existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yitong Zhou , Yucong Luo , Mingyue Cheng , Qi Liu , Jiahao Wang , Daoyu Wang , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models have revolutionized natural language processing, yet serving them efficiently in data centers remains challenging due to mixed workloads comprising latency-sensitive (LS) and best-effort (BE) jobs. Existing inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Mohammad Siavashi , Faezeh Keshmiri Dindarloo , Dejan Kostic , Marco Chiesa

Serving Large Language Models (LLMs) under mixed workloads--short, latency-sensitive interactive queries alongside long, throughput-oriented batch requests--poses a fundamental scheduling challenge. Standard First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Bronislav Sidik , Chaya Levi , Joseph Kampeas

Parameter estimation is a foundational step in statistical modeling, enabling us to extract knowledge from data and apply it effectively. Bayesian estimation of parameters incorporates prior beliefs with observed data to infer distribution…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-24 Fahad Mostafa , Md Rejuan Haque , Md Mostafijur Rahman , Farzana Nasrin

In Large Language Model (LLM) serving, the KV-cache (KVC) bottleneck causes high tail Time-to-First-Token (TTFT) and Time-Between-Tokens (TBT), impairing user experience, particularly in time-sensitive applications. However, satisfying both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Haiying Shen , Tanmoy Sen , Masahiro Tanaka

Prompt caching is critical for reducing latency and cost in LLM inference: OpenAI and Anthropic report up to 50-90% cost savings through prompt reuse. Despite its widespread success, little is known about what constitutes an optimal prompt…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Wenxin Zhang , Yueying Li , Ciamac C. Moallemi , Tianyi Peng

As large language models (LLMs) have shown great success in many tasks, they are used in various applications. While a lot of works have focused on the efficiency of single-LLM application (e.g., offloading, request scheduling, parallelism…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Jingzhi Fang , Yanyan Shen , Yue Wang , Lei Chen

To effectively use large language models (LLMs) for real-world queries, it is imperative that they generalize to the long-tail distribution, i.e. rare examples where models exhibit low confidence. In this work, we take the first step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Huihan Li , Yuting Ning , Zeyi Liao , Siyuan Wang , Xiang Lorraine Li , Ximing Lu , Wenting Zhao , Faeze Brahman , Yejin Choi , Xiang Ren

One significant challenge in the job scheduling of computing clusters for the development of deep learning algorithms is the efficient scheduling of trial-and-error (TE) job, the type of job in which the users seek to conduct small-scale…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Hidehito Yabuuchi , Daisuke Taniwaki , Shingo Omura

Large Language Model (LLM) inference in production must meet stringent service-level objectives for both time-to-first-token (TTFT) and time-between-token (TBT) while maximizing throughput under fixed compute, memory, and interconnect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Gunjun Lee , Jiwon Kim , Jaiyoung Park , Younjoo Lee , Jung Ho Ahn

As demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) and AI agents grows rapidly, optimizing systems for efficient LLM inference becomes critical. While significant efforts have targeted system-level engineering, little has been explored from a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 J. G. Dai , Tianze Deng , Yueying Li , Tianyi Peng

The long-tailed distribution of sequence lengths in LLM serving and reinforcement learning (RL) sampling causes significant computational waste due to excessive padding in batched inference. Existing methods rely on auxiliary models for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Huanyi Xie , Yubin Chen , Liangyu Wang , Lijie Hu , Di Wang

Long-term load forecast (LTLF) for area distribution feeders is one of the most critical tasks frequently performed in electric distribution utility companies. For a specific planning area, cost-effective system upgrades can only be planned…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-02 Ming Dong , Jian Shi , QingXin Shi

The efficient deployment of large language models (LLMs) in online settings requires optimizing inference performance under stringent latency constraints, particularly the time-to-first-token (TTFT) and time-per-output-token (TPOT). This…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Gregory Dexter , Shao Tang , Ata Fatahi Baarzi , Qingquan Song , Tejas Dharamsi , Aman Gupta

Speculative decoding accelerates large language model (LLM) inference by allowing a small draft model to predict multiple future tokens for verification by a larger target model. In AI-native radio access networks (AI-RAN), this enables…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Ce Zheng , Ke Zhang , Chen Sun , Wenqi Zhang , Qiong Liu , Angesom Ataklity Tesfay

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in real-world applications. The capability of in-context learning (ICL) allows us to adapt an LLM to downstream tasks by including input-label exemplars in the prompt without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhaoxuan Wu , Xiaoqiang Lin , Zhongxiang Dai , Wenyang Hu , Yao Shu , See-Kiong Ng , Patrick Jaillet , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Short Term Load Forecast (STLF) is necessary for effective scheduling, operation optimization trading, and decision-making for electricity consumers. Modern and efficient machine learning methods are recalled nowadays to manage complicated…

Applications · Statistics 2021-10-20 Junjie Hu , Brenda López Cabrera , Awdesch Melzer