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Foundation models leveraging vision-language pretraining have shown promise in chest X-ray (CXR) interpretation, yet their real-world performance across diverse populations and diagnostic tasks remains insufficiently evaluated. This study…

Chest X-rays (CXRs) are among the most commonly used medical image modalities. They are mostly used for screening, and an indication of disease typically results in subsequent tests. As this is mostly a screening test used to rule out chest…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Ken C. L. Wong , Mehdi Moradi , Joy Wu , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

Chest X-rays (CXRs) play an integral role in driving critical decisions in disease management and patient care. While recent innovations have led to specialized models for various CXR interpretation tasks, these solutions often operate in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Adibvafa Fallahpour , Jun Ma , Alif Munim , Hongwei Lyu , Bo Wang

Chest X ray (CXR) imaging remains a critical diagnostic tool for thoracic conditions, but current automated systems face limitations in pathology coverage, diagnostic accuracy, and integration of visual and textual reasoning. To address…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Wenting Chen , Yi Dong , Zhaojun Ding , Yucheng Shi , Yifan Zhou , Fang Zeng , Yijun Luo , Tianyu Lin , Yihang Su , Yichen Wu , Kai Zhang , Zhen Xiang , Tianming Liu , Ninghao Liu , Lichao Sun , Yixuan Yuan , Xiang Li

AI-driven models have demonstrated significant potential in automating radiology report generation for chest X-rays. However, there is no standardized benchmark for objectively evaluating their performance. To address this, we present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Xiaoman Zhang , Hong-Yu Zhou , Xiaoli Yang , Oishi Banerjee , Julián N. Acosta , Josh Miller , Ouwen Huang , Pranav Rajpurkar

Deep learning models show significant potential for advancing AI-assisted medical diagnostics, particularly in detecting lung cancer through medical image modalities such as chest X-rays. However, the black-box nature of these models poses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Amy Rafferty , Rishi Ramaesh , Ajitha Rajan

Chest X-rays (CXRs) are the most commonly performed imaging investigation. In the UK, many centres experience reporting delays due to radiologist workforce shortages. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools capable of distinguishing normal from…

Chest X-Ray imaging is one of the most common radiological tools for detection of various pathologies related to the chest area and lung function. In a clinical setting, automated assessment of chest radiographs has the potential of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-31 David Biesner , Helen Schneider , Benjamin Wulff , Ulrike Attenberger , Rafet Sifa

Effectiveness and interpretability are two essential properties for trustworthy AI systems. Most recent studies in visual reasoning are dedicated to improving the accuracy of predicted answers, and less attention is paid to explaining the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Shi Chen , Qi Zhao

AI-assisted report generation offers the opportunity to reduce radiologists' workload stemming from expanded screening guidelines, complex cases and workforce shortages, while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. In addition to describing…

Accurately interpreting medical images and writing radiology reports is a critical but challenging task in healthcare. Both human-written and AI-generated reports can contain errors, ranging from clinical inaccuracies to linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Vishwanatha M. Rao , Serena Zhang , Julian N. Acosta , Subathra Adithan , Pranav Rajpurkar

The chest X-ray (CXR) is one of the most common and easy-to-get medical tests used to diagnose common diseases of the chest. Recently, many deep learning-based methods have been proposed that are capable of effectively classifying CXRs.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-23 Weizhi Nie , Chen Zhang , Dan Song , Lina Zhao , Yunpeng Bai , Keliang Xie , Anan Liu

Multimodal medical large language models have shown substantial progress in chest X-ray interpretation but continue to face challenges in spatial reasoning and anatomical understanding. Although existing grounding techniques improve overall…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Anees Ur Rehman Hashmi , Numan Saeed , Christoph Lippert

Agentic systems offer a potential path to solve complex clinical tasks through collaboration among specialized agents, augmented by tool use and external knowledge bases. Nevertheless, for chest X-ray (CXR) interpretation, prevailing…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Kai Zhang , Corey D Barrett , Jangwon Kim , Lichao Sun , Tara Taghavi , Krishnaram Kenthapadi

Among all the sub-sections in a typical radiology report, the Clinical Indications, Findings, and Impression often reflect important details about the health status of a patient. The information included in Impression is also often covered…

Vision-language models (VLMs) have recently shown remarkable zero-shot performance in medical image understanding, yet their grounding ability, the extent to which textual concepts align with visual evidence, remains underexplored. In the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Haozhe Luo , Shelley Zixin Shu , Ziyu Zhou , Sebastian Otalora , Mauricio Reyes

Automated chest radiographs interpretation requires both accurate disease classification and detailed radiology report generation, presenting a significant challenge in the clinical workflow. Current approaches either focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Difei Gu , Yunhe Gao , Yang Zhou , Mu Zhou , Dimitris Metaxas

Recent advancements in Computer Assisted Diagnosis have shown promising performance in medical imaging tasks, particularly in chest X-ray analysis. However, the interaction between these models and radiologists has been primarily limited to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yunsoo Kim , Jinge Wu , Yusuf Abdulle , Yue Gao , Honghan Wu

Chest radiography is widely used in diagnostic imaging. However, perceptual errors -- especially overlooked but visible abnormalities -- remain common and clinically significant. Current workflows and AI systems provide limited support for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Adhrith Vutukuri , Akash Awasthi , David Yang , Carol C. Wu , Hien Van Nguyen

Background & Purpose: Chest X-Ray (CXR) use in pre-MRI safety screening for Lead-Less Implanted Electronic Devices (LLIEDs), easily overlooked or misidentified on a frontal view (often only acquired), is common. Although most LLIED types…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-28 Mutlu Demirer , Richard D. White , Vikash Gupta , Ronnie A. Sebro , Barbaros S. Erdal