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As large language model agents tackle increasingly complex long-horizon tasks, effective post-training becomes critical. Prior work faces fundamental challenges: outcome-only rewards fail to precisely attribute credit to intermediate steps,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Mukai Li , Qingcheng Zeng , Tianqing Fang , Zhenwen Liang , Linfeng Song , Qi Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

We introduce EVIL (\textbf{EV}olving \textbf{I}nterpretable algorithms with \textbf{L}LMs), an approach that uses LLM-guided evolutionary search to discover simple, interpretable algorithms for dynamical systems inference. Rather than…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 David Berghaus

Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning (EvoRL) has emerged as a promising approach to overcoming the limitations of traditional reinforcement learning (RL) by integrating the Evolutionary Computation (EC) paradigm with RL. However, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Bowen Zheng , Ran Cheng , Kay Chen Tan

Reinforcement learning algorithms need exploration to learn. However, unsupervised exploration prevents the deployment of such algorithms on safety-critical tasks and limits real-world deployment. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Sven Gronauer , Tom Haider , Felippe Schmoeller da Roza , Klaus Diepold

One core capability of large language models (LLMs) is to follow natural language instructions. However, the issue of automatically constructing high-quality training data to enhance the complex instruction-following abilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Guanting Dong , Keming Lu , Chengpeng Li , Tingyu Xia , Bowen Yu , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Tool calling enables large language models (LLMs) to interact with external environments through tool invocation, providing a practical way to overcome the limitations of pretraining. However, the effectiveness of tool use depends heavily…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Henger Li , Shuangjie You , Flavio Di Palo , Yiyue Qian , Ayush Jain

Auto-encoding Variational Bayes (AEVB) is a powerful and general algorithm for fitting latent variable models (a promising direction for unsupervised learning), and is well-known for training the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE). In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Yang Zhi-Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success on reasoning benchmarks through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), excelling at tasks such as math, coding, logic, and puzzles. However, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xiaozhe Li , Xinyu Fang , Shengyuan Ding , Yang Li , Linyang Li , Haodong Duan , Qingwen Liu , Kai Chen

Recent advances such as DeepSeek R1-Zero highlight the effectiveness of incentive training, a reinforcement learning paradigm that computes rewards solely based on the final answer part of a language model's output, thereby encouraging the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Wei Liu , Siya Qi , Xinyu Wang , Chen Qian , Yali Du , Yulan He

Recent research on Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning in Large Language Models (LLMs) has demonstrated that agents can engage in \textit{complex}, \textit{multi-turn} negotiations, opening new avenues for agentic AI. However, existing LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yunbo Long , Liming Xu , Lukas Beckenbauer , Yuhan Liu , Alexandra Brintrup

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) significantly enhances large language models (LLMs) reasoning but severely suffers from calibration degeneration, where models become excessively over-confident in incorrect answers.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhengzhao Ma , Xueru Wen , Boxi Cao , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Jinglin Yang , Min He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has become a pivotal paradigm for text-to-image generation, its application to image editing remains largely unexplored. A key bottleneck is the lack of a robust general reward model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Hanzhong Guo , Jie Wu , Jie Liu , Yu Gao , Zilyu Ye , Linxiao Yuan , Xionghui Wang , Yizhou Yu , Weilin Huang

Reinforcement learning (RL) requires either manually specifying a reward function, which is often infeasible, or learning a reward model from a large amount of human feedback, which is often very expensive. We study a more sample-efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Juan Rocamonde , Victoriano Montesinos , Elvis Nava , Ethan Perez , David Lindner

The development of autonomous agents for complex, long-horizon tasks is a central goal in AI. However, dominant training paradigms face a critical limitation: reinforcement learning (RL) methods that optimize solely for final task success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Zijing Zhang , Ziyang Chen , Mingxiao Li , Zhaopeng Tu , Xiaolong Li

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant progress in solving complex reasoning tasks by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR). This advancement is also inseparable from the oversight automated by reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Zijian Wu , Lingkai Kong , Wenwei Zhang , Songyang Gao , Yuzhe Gu , Zhongrui Cai , Tianyou Ma , Yuhong Liu , Zhi Wang , Runyuan Ma , Guangyu Wang , Wei Li , Conghui He , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

The desire to use reinforcement learning in safety-critical settings has inspired a recent interest in formal methods for learning algorithms. Existing formal methods for learning and optimization primarily consider the problem of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-05 Nathan Fulton , Andre Platzer

Current techniques for post-training Large Language Models (LLMs) rely either on costly human supervision or on external verifiers to boost performance on tasks such as mathematical reasoning and code generation. However, as LLMs improve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mukesh Ghimire , Aosong Feng , Liwen You , Youzhi Luo , Fang Liu , Xuan Zhu

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms allow us to combine model-generated data with those collected from interaction with the real system in order to alleviate the data efficiency problem in RL. However, designing such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Yinlam Chow , Brandon Cui , MoonKyung Ryu , Mohammad Ghavamzadeh

Large language models (LLMs) have recently advanced in reasoning when optimized with reinforcement learning (RL) under verifiable rewards. Existing methods primarily rely on outcome-based supervision to strengthen internal LLM reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Siyao Song , Cong Ma , Zhihao Cheng , Shiye Lei , Minghao Li , Ying Zeng , Huaixiao Tou , Kai Jia

Optimization modeling and solving are fundamental to the application of Operations Research (OR) in real-world decision making, yet the process of translating natural language problem descriptions into formal models and solver code remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Zezhen Ding , Zhen Tan , Jiheng Zhang , Tianlong Chen
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