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Reliable retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems depend fundamentally on the retriever's ability to find relevant information. We show that neural retrievers used in RAG systems have blind spots, which we define as the failure to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Zeinab Sadat Taghavi , Ali Modarressi , Hinrich Schutze , Andreas Marfurt

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has shown impressive capabilities in mitigating hallucinations in large language models (LLMs). However, LLMs struggle to maintain consistent reasoning when exposed to misleading or conflicting evidence,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Linda Zeng , Rithwik Gupta , Divij Motwani , Yi Zhang , Diji Yang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has been empirically shown to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs) in knowledge-intensive domains such as healthcare, finance, and legal contexts. Given a query, RAG retrieves relevant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xun Xian , Ganghua Wang , Xuan Bi , Jayanth Srinivasa , Ashish Kundu , Charles Fleming , Mingyi Hong , Jie Ding

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances factual grounding by integrating retrieval mechanisms with generative models but introduces new attack surfaces, particularly through backdoor attacks. While prior research has largely focused…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Gaurav Bagwe , Saket S. Chaturvedi , Xiaolong Ma , Xiaoyong Yuan , Kuang-Ching Wang , Lan Zhang

Stealing attacks pose a persistent threat to the intellectual property of deployed machine-learning systems. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) intensifies this risk by extending the attack surface beyond model weights to knowledge base…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Mengyu Yao , Ziqi Zhang , Ning Luo , Shaofei Li , Yifeng Cai , Xiangqun Chen , Yao Guo , Ding Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models by grounding their outputs in external documents. These systems, however, remain vulnerable to attacks on the retrieval corpus, such as prompt injection. RAG-based search…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Zeyu Shen , Basileal Imana , Tong Wu , Chong Xiang , Prateek Mittal , Aleksandra Korolova

Tax authorities and public-sector financial agencies rely on large volumes of unstructured and semi-structured fiscal documents - including tax forms, instructions, publications, and jurisdiction-specific guidance - to support compliance…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Akhil Chandra Shanivendra

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) is a technique commonly used to equip models with out of distribution knowledge. This process involves collecting, indexing, retrieving, and providing information to an LLM for generating responses.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Gianluca De Stefano , Lea Schönherr , Giancarlo Pellegrino

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a promising approach to mitigate hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) for legal applications, but its reliability is critically dependent on the accuracy of the retrieval step. This is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Markus Reuter , Tobias Lingenberg , Rūta Liepiņa , Francesca Lagioia , Marco Lippi , Giovanni Sartor , Andrea Passerini , Burcu Sayin

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems respond to queries by retrieving relevant documents from a knowledge database and applying an LLM to the retrieved documents. We demonstrate that RAG systems that operate on databases with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Avital Shafran , Roei Schuster , Vitaly Shmatikov

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate grounded responses by leveraging external knowledge databases without altering model parameters. Although the absence of weight tuning prevents leakage…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Ali Naseh , Yuefeng Peng , Anshuman Suri , Harsh Chaudhari , Alina Oprea , Amir Houmansadr

Artificial Intelligence has become a double edged sword in modern society being both a boon and a bane. While it empowers individuals it also enables malicious actors to perpetrate scams such as fraudulent phone calls and user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Gurjot Singh , Prabhjot Singh , Maninder Singh

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances recency and factuality in answers. However, existing evaluations rarely test how well these systems cope with real-world noise, conflicting between internal and external retrieved contexts, or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yixiao Zeng , Tianyu Cao , Danqing Wang , Xinran Zhao , Zimeng Qiu , Morteza Ziyadi , Tongshuang Wu , Lei Li

Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) is a process where a large language model (LLM) retrieves useful information from a database and then generates the responses. It is becoming popular in enterprise settings for daily business operations.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Ayush RoyChowdhury , Mulong Luo , Prateek Sahu , Sarbartha Banerjee , Mohit Tiwari

Large language models (LLMs) are reshaping numerous facets of our daily lives, leading widespread adoption as web-based services. Despite their versatility, LLMs face notable challenges, such as generating hallucinated content and lacking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Minseok Kim , Hankook Lee , Hyungjoon Koo

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems face significant performance gaps when applied to technical domains requiring precise information extraction from complex documents. Current evaluation methodologies relying on document-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Aryan Jadon , Avinash Patil , Shashank Kumar

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems fail when documents evolve through versioning-a ubiquitous characteristic of technical documentation. Existing approaches achieve only 58-64% accuracy on version-sensitive questions, retrieving…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Daniel Huwiler , Kurt Stockinger , Jonathan Fürst

Large language models (LLMs) inevitably exhibit hallucinations since the accuracy of generated texts cannot be secured solely by the parametric knowledge they encapsulate. Although retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a practicable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Shi-Qi Yan , Jia-Chen Gu , Yun Zhu , Zhen-Hua Ling

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is susceptible to retrieval corruption attacks, where malicious passages injected into retrieval results can lead to inaccurate model responses. We propose RobustRAG, the first defense framework with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Chong Xiang , Tong Wu , Zexuan Zhong , David Wagner , Danqi Chen , Prateek Mittal

In retrieval augmented generation (RAG) systems, each individual component -- the LLM, embedder, and corpus -- could introduce biases in the form of skews towards outputting certain perspectives or identities. In this work, we study the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Taeyoun Kim , Jacob Springer , Aditi Raghunathan , Maarten Sap
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