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Based on the Fundamental Lemma by Willems et al., the entire behaviour of a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system can be characterised by a single data sequence of the system as long the input is persistently exciting. This is an essential…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-02 Chris Verhoek , Roland Tóth , Sofie Haesaert , Anne Koch

Willems' fundamental lemma enables data-driven analysis and control by characterizing an unknown system's behavior directly in terms of measured data. In this work, we extend a recent frequency-domain variant of this result--previously…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-10 T. J. Meijer , M. Wind , V. S. Dolk , W. P. M. H. Heemels

In this paper, we deal with data-driven predictive control of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. Specifically, we show for the first time how explicit predictive laws can be learnt directly from data, without needing to identify the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-14 Andrea Sassella , Valentina Breschi , Simone Formentin

Recently, the fundamental lemma by Willems et al. has been extended towards stochastic LTI systems subject to process disturbances. Using this lemma requires previously recorded data of inputs, outputs, and disturbances. In this paper, we…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Ruchuan Ou , Guanru Pan , Timm Faulwasser

We illustrate a novel version of Willems' lemma for data-based representation of continuous-time systems. The main novelties compared to previous works are two. First, the proposed framework relies only on measured input-output trajectories…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller , Paolo Rapisarda

The Willems' fundamental lemma, which characterizes linear dynamics with measured trajectories, has found successful applications in controller design and signal processing, which has driven a broad research interest in its extension to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-01 Yingzhao Lian , Colin N. Jones

The fundamental lemma by Jan C. Willems and co-authors enables the representation of all input-output trajectories of a linear time-invariant system by measured input-output data. This result has proven to be pivotal for data-driven…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-06 Guanru Pan , Ruchuan Ou , Timm Faulwasser

In this paper we investigate data-driven predictive control of discrete-time linear descriptor systems. Specifically, we give a tailored variant of Willems' fundamental lemma, which shows that for descriptor systems the non-parametric…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-17 Philipp Schmitz , Timm Faulwasser , Karl Worthmann

Willems' Fundamental Lemma provides a powerful data-driven parametrization of all trajectories of a controllable linear time-invariant system based on one trajectory with persistently exciting (PE) input. In this paper, we present a novel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-04 Julian Berberich , Andrea Iannelli , Alberto Padoan , Jeremy Coulson , Florian Dörfler , Frank Allgöwer

In this paper, a method to represent every input-output trajectory of a continuous-time linear system in terms of previously collected data is presented. This corresponds to a continuous-time version of the well-known Willems' lemma. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-03 Victor G. Lopez , Matthias A. Müller

Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma asserts that all trajectories of a linear system can be obtained from a single given one, assuming that a persistency of excitation condition holds. This result has profound implications for system…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-05-08 Henk J. van Waarde , Claudio De Persis , M. Kanat Camlibel , Pietro Tesi

We demonstrate the first algorithms for the problem of regression for generalized linear models (GLMs) in the presence of additive oblivious noise. We assume we have sample access to examples $(x, y)$ where $y$ is a noisy measurement of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Ilias Diakonikolas , Sushrut Karmalkar , Jongho Park , Christos Tzamos

We derive a numerically stable method to compute an image representation of an unknown linear system only from data, leveraging a continuous-time version of Willems et al.'s fundamental lemma. To this end, we use derivatives approximated by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Amine Othmane , Philipp Schmitz , Karl Worthmann , Kathrin Flaßkamp

The fundamental lemma by Willems and coauthors facilitates a parameterization of all trajectories of a linear time-invariant system in terms of a single, measured one. This result plays an important role in data-driven simulation and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-16 Jeremy Coulson , Henk van Waarde , Florian Dörfler

We address the problem of learning the parameters of a stable linear time invariant (LTI) system or linear dynamical system (LDS) with unknown latent space dimension, or order, from a single time--series of noisy input-output data. We focus…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2020-04-09 Tuhin Sarkar , Alexander Rakhlin , Munther A. Dahleh

Willems' fundamental lemma and system level synthesis both characterize a linear dynamic system by its input/output sequences. In this work, we extend the application of the fundamental lemma from deterministic to uncertain LTI systems and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-11 Yinghao Lian , Colin N. Jones

We present an extension of Willems' Fundamental Lemma to the class of multi-input multi-output discrete-time feedback linearizable nonlinear systems, thus providing a data-based representation of their input-output trajectories. Two sources…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-17 Mohammad Alsalti , Victor G. Lopez , Julian Berberich , Frank Allgöwer , Matthias A. Müller

We address the problem of inferring descriptions of system behavior using Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) from a finite set of positive and negative examples. Most of the existing approaches for solving such a task rely on predefined templates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Jean-Raphaël Gaglione , Daniel Neider , Rajarshi Roy , Ufuk Topcu , Zhe Xu

We consider the problem of estimating the state transition matrix of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system, given access to multiple independent trajectories sampled from the system. Several recent papers have conducted a non-asymptotic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-29 Vinay Kanakeri , Aritra Mitra

We present a general system identification procedure capable of estimating of a broad spectrum of state-space dynamical models, including linear time-invariant (LTI), linear parameter-varying} (LPV), and nonlinear (NL) dynamics, along with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-17 Alberto Bemporad , Roland Tóth
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