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Neural networks trained to solve modular arithmetic tasks exhibit grokking, a phenomenon where the test accuracy starts improving long after the model achieves 100% training accuracy in the training process. It is often taken as an example…

Grokking is the intriguing phenomenon where a model learns to generalize long after it has fit the training data. We show both analytically and numerically that grokking can surprisingly occur in linear networks performing linear tasks in a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-06 Noam Levi , Alon Beck , Yohai Bar-Sinai

This paper investigates the grokking phenomenon, which refers to the sudden transition from a long memorization to generalization observed during neural networks training, in the context of learning multiplication in finite-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Guillaume Dumas , Guillaume Rabusseau

We propose that the grokking phenomenon, where the train loss of a neural network decreases much earlier than its test loss, can arise due to a neural network transitioning from lazy training dynamics to a rich, feature learning regime. To…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-12 Tanishq Kumar , Blake Bordelon , Samuel J. Gershman , Cengiz Pehlevan

We present a theoretical explanation of the ``grokking'' phenomenon, where a model generalizes long after overfitting,for the originally-studied problem of modular addition. First, we show that early in gradient descent, when the ``kernel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Mohamad Amin Mohamadi , Zhiyuan Li , Lei Wu , Danica J. Sutherland

Grokking, the sudden transition from memorization to generalization, is characterized by the emergence of low-dimensional representations, yet the mechanism underlying this organization remains elusive. We propose that intrinsic task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hyeonbin Hwang , Yeachan Park

We study grokking, the onset of generalization long after overfitting, in a classical ridge regression setting. We prove end-to-end grokking results for learning over-parameterized linear regression models using gradient descent with weight…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Mingyue Xu , Gal Vardi , Itay Safran

Grokking, or delayed generalization, is an intriguing learning phenomenon where test set loss decreases sharply only after a model's training set loss has converged. This challenges conventional understanding of the training dynamics in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Breno W. Carvalho , Artur S. d'Avila Garcez , Luís C. Lamb , Emílio Vital Brazil

In this paper we propose to study generalization of neural networks on small algorithmically generated datasets. In this setting, questions about data efficiency, memorization, generalization, and speed of learning can be studied in great…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-07 Alethea Power , Yuri Burda , Harri Edwards , Igor Babuschkin , Vedant Misra

The phenomenon of grokking in over-parameterized neural networks has garnered significant interest. It involves the neural network initially memorizing the training set with zero training error and near-random test error. Subsequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Hu Qiye , Zhou Hao , Yu RuoXi

One of the most surprising puzzles in neural network generalisation is grokking: a network with perfect training accuracy but poor generalisation will, upon further training, transition to perfect generalisation. We propose that grokking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Vikrant Varma , Rohin Shah , Zachary Kenton , János Kramár , Ramana Kumar

Recent research on the grokking phenomenon has illuminated the intricacies of neural networks' training dynamics and their generalization behaviors. Grokking refers to a sharp rise of the network's generalization accuracy on the test set,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Simin Fan , Razvan Pascanu , Martin Jaggi

Grokking, the unusual phenomenon for algorithmic datasets where generalization happens long after overfitting the training data, has remained elusive. We aim to understand grokking by analyzing the loss landscapes of neural networks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Ziming Liu , Eric J. Michaud , Max Tegmark

Grokking, or delayed generalization, is a phenomenon where generalization in a deep neural network (DNN) occurs long after achieving near zero training error. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of grokking in specific controlled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ahmed Imtiaz Humayun , Randall Balestriero , Richard Baraniuk

Grokking, the phenomenon of delayed generalization, is often attributed to the depth and compositional structure of deep neural networks. We study grokking in one of the simplest possible settings: the learning of a linear model with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Nataraj Das , Atreya Vedantam , Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan

Grokking in modular arithmetic has established itself as the quintessential fruit fly experiment, serving as a critical domain for investigating the mechanistic origins of model generalization. Despite its significance, existing research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Junjie Zhang , Zhen Shen , Gang Xiong , Xisong Dong

We investigate the phenomenon of grokking -- delayed generalization accompanied by non-monotonic test loss behavior -- in a simple binary logistic classification task, for which "memorizing" and "generalizing" solutions can be strictly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-22 Alon Beck , Noam Levi , Yohai Bar-Sinai

Grokking is the phenomenon where neural networks NNs initially fit the training data and later generalize to the test data during training. In this paper, we empirically provide a frequency perspective to explain the emergence of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Zhangchen Zhou , Yaoyu Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Grokking refers to a delayed generalization following overfitting when optimizing artificial neural networks with gradient-based methods. In this work, we demonstrate that grokking can be induced by regularization, either explicit or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Pascal Jr Tikeng Notsawo , Guillaume Dumas , Guillaume Rabusseau

One puzzling artifact in machine learning dubbed grokking is where delayed generalization is achieved tenfolds of iterations after near perfect overfitting to the training data. Focusing on the long delay itself on behalf of machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jaerin Lee , Bong Gyun Kang , Kihoon Kim , Kyoung Mu Lee
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