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The first aim of this paper is to establish the weak convergence rate of nonlinear two-time-scale stochastic approximation algorithms. Its second aim is to introduce the averaging principle in the context of two-time-scale stochastic…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Abdelkader Mokkadem , Mariane Pelletier

We consider $d$-dimensional linear stochastic approximation algorithms (LSAs) with a constant step-size and the so called Polyak-Ruppert (PR) averaging of iterates. LSAs are widely applied in machine learning and reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-14 Chandrashekar Lakshminarayanan , Csaba Szepesvári

This paper proposes to develop a new variant of the two-time-scale stochastic approximation to find the roots of two coupled nonlinear operators, assuming only noisy samples of these operators can be observed. Our key idea is to leverage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-25 Thinh T. Doan

Bilevel optimization problems are receiving increasing attention in machine learning as they provide a natural framework for hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. A key step to tackle these problems is the efficient computation of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-20 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo

This paper derives non-asymptotic error bounds for nonlinear stochastic approximation algorithms in the Wasserstein-$p$ distance. To obtain explicit finite-sample guarantees for the last iterate, we develop a coupling argument that compares…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Seo Taek Kong , R. Srikant

Two time scale stochastic approximation is analyzed when the iterates on either or both time scales do not necessarily converge.

Probability · Mathematics 2024-12-31 Vivek S Borkar

Polyak-Ruppert averaging is a widely used technique to achieve the optimal asymptotic variance of stochastic approximation (SA) algorithms, yet its high-probability performance guarantees remain underexplored in general settings. In this…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-29 Sajad Khodadadian , Martin Zubeldia

In this paper, a distributed stochastic approximation algorithm is studied. Applications of such algorithms include decentralized estimation, optimization, control or computing. The algorithm consists in two steps: a local step, where each…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-12-03 Pascal Bianchi , Gersende Fort , Walid Hachem

A solution of two-stage stochastic generalized equations is a pair: a first stage solution which is independent of realization of the random data and a second stage solution which is a function of random variables.This paper studies…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-01-15 Xiaojun Chen , Alexander Shapiro , Hailin Sun

Motivated by the widespread use of temporal-difference (TD-) and Q-learning algorithms in reinforcement learning, this paper studies a class of biased stochastic approximation (SA) procedures under a mild "ergodic-like" assumption on the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-02 Gang Wang , Bingcong Li , Georgios B. Giannakis

We investigate the statistical properties of Temporal Difference (TD) learning with Polyak-Ruppert averaging, arguably one of the most widely used algorithms in reinforcement learning, for the task of estimating the parameters of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-25 Weichen Wu , Gen Li , Yuting Wei , Alessandro Rinaldo

This paper considers a novel multi-agent linear stochastic approximation algorithm driven by Markovian noise and general consensus-type interaction, in which each agent evolves according to its local stochastic approximation process which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-02 Yixuan Lin , Vijay Gupta , Ji Liu

Previous studies on two-timescale stochastic approximation (SA) mainly focused on bounding mean-squared errors under diminishing stepsize schemes. In this work, we investigate {\it constant} stpesize schemes through the lens of Markov…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Jeongyeol Kwon , Luke Dotson , Yudong Chen , Qiaomin Xie

In this paper, we design, analyze, and implement a variant of the two-loop L-shaped algorithms for solving two-stage stochastic programming problems that arise from important application areas including revenue management and power systems.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-06 John R. Birge , Haihao Lu , Baoyu Zhou

Two-timescale Stochastic Approximation (SA) algorithms are widely used in Reinforcement Learning (RL). Their iterates have two parts that are updated using distinct stepsizes. In this work, we develop a novel recipe for their finite sample…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-06-06 Gal Dalal , Balazs Szorenyi , Gugan Thoppe , Shie Mannor

In this paper, we derive rates of convergence in the high-dimensional central limit theorem for Polyak--Ruppert averaged iterates generated by entropy-regularized asynchronous Q-learning with linear function approximation and a polynomial…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Artemy Rubtsov , Rahul Singh , Eric Moulines , Alexey Naumov , Sergey Samsonov

We study the approximation by a semi-discrete finite-volume scheme of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation with time-dependent potential in two dimensions, performing a two-point flux approximation scheme in space. We rigorously analyze the error…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-11 Quentin Chauleur

Diffusion approximation provides weak approximation for stochastic gradient descent algorithms in a finite time horizon. In this paper, we introduce new tools motivated by the backward error analysis of numerical stochastic differential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-05 Yuanyuan Feng , Tingran Gao , Lei Li , Jian-Guo Liu , Yulong Lu

We undertake a precise study of the asymptotic and non-asymptotic properties of stochastic approximation procedures with Polyak-Ruppert averaging for solving a linear system $\bar{A} \theta = \bar{b}$. When the matrix $\bar{A}$ is Hurwitz,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-10 Wenlong Mou , Chris Junchi Li , Martin J. Wainwright , Peter L. Bartlett , Michael I. Jordan

The (asymptotic) behaviour of the second moment of solutions to stochastic differential equations is treated in mean-square stability analysis. This property is discussed for approximations of infinite-dimensional stochastic differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-12-06 Annika Lang , Andreas Petersson , Andreas Thalhammer