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Recently, decomposing complex problems into simple subtasks--a crucial part of human-like natural planning--to solve the given problem has significantly boosted the performance of large language models (LLMs). However, leveraging such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mihir Parmar , Palash Goyal , Xin Liu , Yiwen Song , Mingyang Ling , Chitta Baral , Hamid Palangi , Tomas Pfister

The safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly important with their democratization. In this paper, we study the safety degradation that comes with adapting LLMs to new tasks. We attribute this safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Lama Alssum , Hani Itani , Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud , Philip Torr , Adel Bibi , Bernard Ghanem

Large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about potential security threats despite performing significantly in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Backdoor attacks initially verified that LLM is doing substantial harm at all stages,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Pengzhou Cheng , Yidong Ding , Tianjie Ju , Zongru Wu , Wei Du , Ping Yi , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved tremendous success with their chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, yet also face safety issues similar to those of basic language models. In particular, while algorithms are designed to guide them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zeming Wei , Qiaosheng Zhang , Xia Hu , Xingcheng Xu

Current safety alignment techniques for large language models (LLMs) face two key challenges: (1) under-generalization, which leaves models vulnerable to novel jailbreak attacks, and (2) over-alignment, which leads to the excessive refusal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yutao Mou , Yuxiao Luo , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow user instructions is central to their reliability, safety, and usefulness. While prior studies assess instruction adherence in the model's main responses, we argue that it is also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yongchan Kwon , Shang Zhu , Federico Bianchi , Kaitlyn Zhou , James Zou

Large language models (LLMs) may exhibit unintended or undesirable behaviors. Recent works have concentrated on aligning LLMs to mitigate harmful outputs. Despite these efforts, some anomalies indicate that even a well-conducted alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jiaming Ji , Kaile Wang , Tianyi Qiu , Boyuan Chen , Jiayi Zhou , Changye Li , Hantao Lou , Juntao Dai , Yunhuai Liu , Yaodong Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate inaccurate responses (hallucinations) when faced with questions beyond their knowledge scope. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this by leveraging external knowledge, but a critical…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Haoxiang Jin , Ronghan Li , Zixiang Lu , Qiguang Miao

Previous studies proposed that the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) can be improved through self-reflection, i.e., letting LLMs reflect on their own output to identify and correct mistakes in the initial responses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fengyuan Liu , Nouar AlDahoul , Gregory Eady , Yasir Zaki , Talal Rahwan

Most prior safety research of large language models (LLMs) has focused on enhancing the alignment of LLMs to better suit the safety requirements of humans. However, internalizing such safeguard features into larger models brought challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Ohjoon Kwon , Donghyeon Jeon , Nayoung Choi , Gyu-Hwung Cho , Changbong Kim , Hyunwoo Lee , Inho Kang , Sun Kim , Taiwoo Park

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance in capabilities, ensuring their safety against jailbreak attacks remains a critical challenge. In this paper, we introduce a novel safety alignment approach called Answer-Then-Check, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Chentao Cao , Xiaojun Xu , Bo Han , Hang Li

Reasoning large language models (RLLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance across a variety of tasks, yet they also expose numerous security vulnerabilities. Most of these vulnerabilities have centered on the generation of unsafe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yu Cui , Cong Zuo

The success of DeepSeek-R1 demonstrates the immense potential of using reinforcement learning (RL) to enhance LLMs' reasoning capabilities. This paper introduces Retrv-R1, the first R1-style MLLM specifically designed for multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Lanyun Zhu , Deyi Ji , Tianrun Chen , Haiyang Wu , Shiqi Wang

Recent advances in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting have substantially improved the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs), but have also introduced their computational efficiency as a new attack surface. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Shuaitong Liu , Renjue Li , Lijia Yu , Lijun Zhang , Zhiming Liu , Gaojie Jin

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (RLLMs), whether explicitly trained for reasoning or prompted via chain-of-thought (CoT), have achieved state-of-the-art performance on many complex reasoning tasks. However, we uncover a surprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Xiaomin Li , Zhou Yu , Zhiwei Zhang , Xupeng Chen , Ziji Zhang , Yingying Zhuang , Narayanan Sadagopan , Anurag Beniwal

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have emerged as a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, representing a specialized class of large language models (LLMs) designed to tackle complex reasoning tasks. The defining characteristic of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Biao Yi , Zekun Fei , Jianing Geng , Tong Li , Lihai Nie , Zheli Liu , Yiming Li

Recent advancements in Large Language Models(LLMs) have demonstrated their capabilities not only in reasoning but also in invoking external tools, particularly search engines. However, teaching models to discern when to invoke search and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Zeyang Sha , Shiwen Cui , Weiqiang Wang

Routing has emerged as a promising strategy for balancing performance and cost in large language model (LLM) systems that combine lightweight models with powerful but expensive large models. Recent studies show that \emph{probe routing},…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Yaopei Zeng , Congchao Wang , Blake JianHang Chen , Lu Lin

Recent advances in fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) have shown promising improvements in complex reasoning tasks, particularly when paired with chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. However, these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Hung Le , Dai Do , Dung Nguyen , Svetha Venkatesh

Mechanistic interpretability reveals that safety-critical behaviors (e.g., alignment, jailbreak, backdoor) in Large Language Models (LLMs) are grounded in specialized functional components. However, existing safety attribution methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Miao Yu , Siyuan Fu , Moayad Aloqaily , Zhenhong Zhou , Safa Otoum , Xing fan , Kun Wang , Yufei Guo , Qingsong Wen
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