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This paper presents a novel approach for unified retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems using the recent emerging large language model (LLM) agent concept. Specifically, Agent LLM, which utilizes LLM as fundamental controllers, has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hoang Pham , Thuy-Duong Nguyen , Khac-Hoai Nam Bui

Long-term memory is one of the key factors influencing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Model Agents (LLM Agents). Incorporating a memory mechanism that effectively integrates past interactions can significantly enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Haoran Sun , Shaoning Zeng

Current AI agents excel in familiar settings, but fail sharply when faced with novel tasks with unseen vocabularies -- a core limitation of procedural memory systems. We present the first benchmark that isolates procedural memory retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Ishant Kohar , Aswanth Krishnan

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown significant autonomous capabilities in dynamically searching and incorporating relevant tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers for individual queries. However, fixed context windows limit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Elias Lumer , Anmol Gulati , Vamse Kumar Subbiah , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , James A. Burke

The rapid evolution of Large Language Model (LLM) agents has necessitated robust memory systems to support cohesive long-term interaction and complex reasoning. Benefiting from the strong capabilities of LLMs, recent research focus has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Weiquan Huang , Zixuan Wang , Hehai Lin , Sudong Wang , Bo Xu , Qian Li , Beier Zhu , Linyi Yang , Chengwei Qin

Reinforcement learning (RL) agent development traditionally requires substantial expertise and iterative effort, often leading to high failure rates and limited accessibility. This paper introduces Agent$^2$, an LLM-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuan Wei , Xiaohan Shan , Ran Miao , Jianmin Li

Online Reinforcement Learning (RL) offers a promising paradigm for enhancing GUI agents through direct environment interaction. However, its effectiveness is severely hindered by inefficient credit assignment in long-horizon tasks and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Han Xiao , Guozhi Wang , Hao Wang , Shilong Liu , Yuxiang Chai , Yue Pan , Yufeng Zhou , Xiaoxin Chen , Yafei Wen , Hongsheng Li

Long-horizon agents face the challenge of growing context size during interaction with environment, which degrades the performance and stability. Existing methods typically introduce the external memory module and look up the relevant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ruoran Li , Xinghua Zhang , Haiyang Yu , Shitong Duan , Xiang Li , Wenxin Xiang , Chonghua Liao , Xudong Guo , Yongbin Li , Jinli Suo

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has catalyzed a transformative shift in artificial intelligence, paving the way for advanced intelligent agents capable of sophisticated reasoning, robust perception, and versatile action across…

In an era where vast amounts of data are collected and processed from diverse sources, there is a growing demand for sophisticated AI systems capable of intelligently fusing and analyzing this information. To address these challenges,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Amine Ben Hassouna , Hana Chaari , Ines Belhaj

Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance across a wide range of tasks, but remain frozen after pretraining until subsequent updates. Many real-world applications require timely, domain-specific information, motivating the…

Agent-assisted memory recall is one critical research problem in the field of human-computer interaction. In conventional methods, the agent can retrieve information from its equipped memory module to help the person recall incomplete or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Qian Zhao , Zhuo Sun , Bin Guo , Zhiwen Yu

Large Language Model (LLM) web agents often struggle with long-horizon web navigation and web task completion in new websites, producing inefficient action sequences unless fine-tuned on environment-specific data. We show that…

AI agents increasingly operate over extended time horizons, yet their ability to retain, organize, and recall multimodal experiences remains a critical bottleneck. Building effective lifelong memory requires navigating a vast design space…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Jiaqi Liu , Zipeng Ling , Shi Qiu , Yanqing Liu , Siwei Han , Peng Xia , Haoqin Tu , Zeyu Zheng , Cihang Xie , Charles Fleming , Mingyu Ding , Huaxiu Yao

Large Language Models (LLMs), enhanced through agent tuning, have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and tool utilization, significantly surpassing the performance of standalone models. However, the multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Tianhong Gao , Yannian Fu , Weiqun Wu , Haixiao Yue , Shanshan Liu , Gang Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on multi-turn tool-integrated planning for knowledge-intensive and complex reasoning tasks. Existing implementations typically rely on a single agent, but they suffer from limited context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zhanfeng Mo , Xingxuan Li , Yuntao Chen , Lidong Bing

Large Language Model (LLM) has exhibited strong reasoning ability in text-based contexts across various domains, yet the limitation of context window poses challenges for the model on long-range inference tasks and necessitates a memory…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mengwei Yuan , Jianan Liu , Jing Yang , Xianyou Li , Weiran Yan , Yichao Wu , Penghao Liang

LLM agents increasingly rely on memory mechanisms to reuse knowledge from past problem-solving experiences. However, existing methods typically construct memory for a single agent and reuse it with the same underlying model, tightly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yurui Chang , Yiran Wu , Qingyun Wu , Lu Lin

Large language models (LLMs) augmented with external tools are increasingly deployed as deep research agents that gather, reason over, and synthesize web information to answer complex queries. Although recent open-source systems achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yi Wan , Jiuqi Wang , Liam Li , Jinsong Liu , Ruihao Zhu , Zheqing Zhu

Lifelong learning is essential for intelligent agents operating in dynamic environments. Current large language model (LLM)-based agents, however, remain stateless and unable to accumulate or transfer knowledge over time. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Junhao Zheng , Xidi Cai , Qiuke Li , Duzhen Zhang , ZhongZhi Li , Yingying Zhang , Le Song , Qianli Ma