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While (multimodal) large language models (LLMs) have attracted widespread attention due to their exceptional capabilities, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Various defense methods are proposed to defend against jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yongcan Yu , Yanbo Wang , Ran He , Jian Liang

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, where adversarially crafted prompts induce policy-violating responses despite safety alignment. Existing defenses typically improve safety through external filtering,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yulong Chen , Qi Zhang , Jiawen Zhang , Yadong Liu , Mu Li , Jie Wen , Yong Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been extensively used across diverse domains, including virtual assistants, automated code generation, and scientific research. However, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks, which manipulate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Haoran Gu , Handing Wang , Yi Mei , Mengjie Zhang , Yaochu Jin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that bypass safety guidelines and generate harmful content. Mitigating these vulnerabilities requires defense mechanisms that are both robust and computationally efficient.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Gil Goren , Shahar Katz , Lior Wolf

The recent advancements in Large Language Models(LLMs) have had a significant impact on a wide range of fields, from general domains to specialized areas. However, these advancements have also significantly increased the potential for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Taegyeong Lee , Jeonghwa Yoo , Hyoungseo Cho , Soo Yong Kim , Yunho Maeng

Despite their superb capabilities, Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have been shown to be vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. While recent jailbreaks have achieved notable progress, their effectiveness and efficiency can still be improved. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yunhan Zhao , Xiang Zheng , Xingjun Ma

Large language models (LLMs), known for their capability in understanding and following instructions, are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Researchers have found that current commercial LLMs either fail to be "harmless" by presenting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Bocheng Chen , Advait Paliwal , Qiben Yan

This paper presents a real-time modular defense system named Sentra-Guard. The system detects and mitigates jailbreak and prompt injection attacks targeting large language models (LLMs). The framework uses a hybrid architecture with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Md. Mehedi Hasan , Sk Tanzir Mehedi , Ziaur Rahman , Rafid Mostafiz , Md. Abir Hossain

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved tremendous success in various applications, they are also susceptible to jailbreaking attacks. Several primary defense strategies have been proposed to protect LLMs from producing harmful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Yichuan Mo , Yuji Wang , Zeming Wei , Yisen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) serve as the backbone of modern AI systems, yet they remain susceptible to adversarial jailbreak attacks. Consequently, robust detection of such malicious inputs is paramount for ensuring model safety.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jun Leng , Yu Liu , Litian Zhang , Ruihan Hu , Zhuting Fang , Xi Zhang

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are widely used in vision-language reasoning tasks. However, their vulnerability to adversarial prompts remains a serious concern, as safety mechanisms often fail to prevent the generation of harmful…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zuoou Li , Weitong Zhang , Jingyuan Wang , Shuyuan Zhang , Wenjia Bai , Bernhard Kainz , Mengyun Qiao

This paper provides a systematic survey of jailbreak attacks and defenses on Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs), emphasizing that jailbreak vulnerabilities stem from structural factors such as incomplete training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zejian Chen , Chaozhuo Li , Chao Li , Xi Zhang , Litian Zhang , Yiming He

The widespread applications of large language models (LLMs) have brought about concerns regarding their potential misuse. Although aligned with human preference data before release, LLMs remain vulnerable to various malicious attacks. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yan Yang , Zeguan Xiao , Xin Lu , Hongru Wang , Xuetao Wei , Hailiang Huang , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak prompts that are fluent and semantically coherent, and therefore difficult to detect with standard heuristics. A particularly challenging failure mode occurs when an attacker tries…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Amirhossein Farzam , Majid Behabahani , Mani Malek , Yuriy Nevmyvaka , Guillermo Sapiro

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in diverse real-world settings, yet remain vulnerable to jailbreaking, where prompt-based attacks bypass safety filters. We present THREAT (Targeted Harmful generation via Reframing and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shahnewaz Karim Sakib , Swati Kar , Anindya Bijoy Das

The safety and robustness of large language models (LLMs) based applications remain critical challenges in artificial intelligence. Among the key threats to these applications are prompt hacking attacks, which can significantly undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Baha Rababah , Shang , Wu , Matthew Kwiatkowski , Carson Leung , Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

Despite recent advances, Large Language Models remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that bypass alignment safeguards and elicit harmful outputs. While prior research has proposed various attack strategies differing in human readability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Havva Alizadeh Noughabi , Julien Serbanescu , Fattane Zarrinkalam , Ali Dehghantanha

Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving from single-modal systems to multimodal LLMs and intelligent agents, significantly expanding their capabilities while introducing increasingly severe security risks. This paper presents a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Yanxu Mao , Tiehan Cui , Peipei Liu , Datao You , Hongsong Zhu

Iterative jailbreak methods that repeatedly rewrite and input prompts into large language models (LLMs) to induce harmful outputs -- using the model's previous responses to guide each new iteration -- have been found to be a highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Masahiro Kaneko , Zeerak Talat , Timothy Baldwin

The rapid progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities across various domains and applications; yet it also presents challenges related to potential misuse. To mitigate such risks, red teaming has been employed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Yifan Jiang , Kriti Aggarwal , Tanmay Laud , Kashif Munir , Jay Pujara , Subhabrata Mukherjee
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