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Observational data for dusty comets are summarized and systemized. The dependence of the linear polarization on various parameters (the phase angle, wavelength, etc.) is analyzed. An ensemble of aligned spheroidal particles having various…
We consider the consequences of appreciable line optical depth for the profile shape of X-ray emission lines formed in stellar winds. The hot gas is thought to arise in distributed wind shocks, and the line formation is predominantly via…
X-ray line profiles represent a new way of studying the winds of massive stars. In particular, they enable us to probe in detail the wind-wind collision in colliding wind binaries, providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of…
Winds arising from galaxies, star clusters, and active galactic nuclei are crucial players in star and galaxy formation, but it has proven remarkably difficult to use observations of them to determine physical properties of interest,…
Stars have proven to be surprisingly prolific radio sources and the added sensitivity of the Square Kilometer Array will lead to advances in many directions. This chapter discusses prospects for studying the physics of stellar atmospheres…
Context: The commonly accepted mass-luminosity relation of central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNs) might not be universally valid. While earlier optical analyses could not derive masses and luminosities independently (instead taking them…
High mass X-ray binaries hold the promise of giving us understanding of the structure of the winds of their supermassive companion stars by using the emission from the compact object as a backlight to evaluate the variable absorption in the…
A major outstanding problem in stellar astrophysics lies in understanding the wind generation mechanism by which evolved giants lose mass. Phase-resolved observations of eclipsing symbiotic binary systems, containing a mass-losing giant and…
Polarizability tensor of a strongly magnetized plasma and the polarization vectors and opacities of normal electromagnetic waves are studied for the conditions typical of neutron star atmospheres, taking account of partial ionization…
We review recent advances in our understanding of massive stars through the analysis of their spectra. Improvements in model atmospheres and analysis methods are briefly discussed. Results obtained for stars in the Local Group are compared…
The clumping of massive star winds is an established paradigm confirmed by multiple lines of evidence and supported by stellar wind theory. The purpose of this paper is to bridge the gap between detailed models of inhomogeneous stellar…
The simple physics of microlensing provides a well-understood tool with which to probe the atmospheres of distant stars in the Galaxy and Local Group with high magnification and resolution. Recent results in measuring stellar surface…
Magnetic fields are important for stellar photospheres and magnetospheres, influencing photospheric physics and sculpting stellar winds. Observations of stellar magnetic fields are typically made in the visible, although infrared…
We present some of the salient aspects of the scientific motivation for high resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy of early-type stars with the Line Emission Mapper X-ray Probe. The major strength of {\it LEM} for hot star physics is its large…
In the JWST, Extremely Large Telescopes, and LUVOIR era, we expect to characterize a number of potentially habitable Earth-like exoplanets. However, the characterization of these worlds depends crucially on the accuracy of theoretical…
Population of levels of the hyperfine and fine split ground state of an atom is affected by radiative transitions induced by anisotropic radiation flux. Such aligned atoms precess in the external magnetic field and this affects properties…
We present new atmosphere models for Wolf-Rayet stars that include a self-consistent solution of the wind hydrodynamics. We demonstrate that the formation of optically thick WR winds can be explained by radiative driving on Fe line…
The nature of pulsar is still unknown because of non-perturbative effects of the fundamental strong interaction, and different models of pulsar inner structures are then suggested, either conventional neutron stars or quark stars.…
Galactic winds shape the stellar, gas, and metal content of galaxies. To quantify their impact, we must understand their physics. We review potential wind-driving mechanisms and observed wind properties, with a focus on the warm ionized and…
Most astrophysical systems, e.g. stellar winds, the diffuse interstellar medium, molecular clouds, are magnetized with magnetic fields that influence almost all of their properties. One of the most informative techniques of magnetic field…