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In recent years, tree tensor network methods have proven capable of simulating quantum many-body and other high-dimensional systems. This work is a user guide to our Python library PyTreeNet. It includes code examples and exercises to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-19 Richard M. Milbradt , Qunsheng Huang , Christian B. Mendl

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two distant parties to share encryption keys with security based on laws of quantum mechanics. In order to share the keys, the quantum bits have to be transmitted from the sender to the receiver over a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Sathwik Chadaga , Mridul Agarwal , Vaneet Aggarwal

Classical data encoding is usually treated as a black-box in the oracle-based quantum algorithms. On the other hand, their constructions are crucial for practical algorithm implementations. Here, we open the black-boxes of data encoding and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-30 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan

Quantum computing is a growing field with significant potential applications. Learning how to code quantum programs means understanding how qubits work and learning to use quantum gates. This is analogous to creating classical algorithms…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-14 Tamás Varga , Yaiza Aragonés-Soria , Manuel Oriol

Encoding classical data in a quantum state is a key prerequisite of many quantum algorithms. Recently matrix product state (MPS) methods emerged as the most promising approach for constructing shallow quantum circuits approximating input…

Numerous quantum algorithms operate under the assumption that classical data has already been converted into quantum states, a process termed Quantum State Preparation (QSP). However, achieving precise QSP requires a circuit depth that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-13 Yilun Zhao , Bingmeng Wang , Wenle Jiang , Xiwei Pan , Bing Li , Yinhe Han , Ying Wang

Block-encoding operators are one of the essential components in quantum algorithms based on Quantum Signal Processing. Their gate complexity largely determines the overall gate complexity of the full algorithm. Using variational methods, we…

Quantum state preparation (QSP) for a general $n$-qubit state requires $O(2^n)$ CNOT gates and circuit depth, making exact amplitude encoding (EAE) impractical for near-term quantum hardware. We introduce an ancilla-free hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-02 Emad Rezaei Fard Boosari , Maryam Afsary

Block-encodings are ubiquitous in quantum computing as a way to represent data within a unitary operator. While several unstructured methods are applicable to arbitrary data, these techniques are burdened by hidden costs and poor accuracy.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Parker Kuklinski , Benjamin Rempfer , Justin Elenewski , Kevin Obenland

TensorCircuit is an open source quantum circuit simulator based on tensor network contraction, designed for speed, flexibility and code efficiency. Written purely in Python, and built on top of industry-standard machine learning frameworks,…

Transversal gates play an important role in the theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation due to their simplicity and robustness to noise. By definition, transversal operators do not couple physical subsystems within the same code block.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Bryan Eastin , Emanuel Knill

If quantum machine learning emulates the ways of classical machine learning, data encoding in a quantum neural network is imperative for many reasons. One of the key ones is the complexity attributed to the data size depending upon the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 Hillol Biswas

Data encoding remains a fundamental bottleneck in quantum machine learning, where amplitude encoding of high-dimensional classical vectors into quantum states incurs exponential cost. In this work, we propose a pre-trained tensor-train (TT)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Jun Qi , Chao-Han Huck Yang , Pin-Yu Chen , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

As the field of Quantum Computing continues to grow, so too has the general public's interest in testing some of the publicly available quantum computers. However, many might find learning all of the supplementary information that goes into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-12 Daniel Koch , Laura Wessing , Paul M. Alsing

Quantum algorithms manipulate the amplitudes of quantum states to find solutions to computational problems. In this work, we present a framework for applying a general class of non-linear functions to the amplitudes of quantum states, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Arthur G. Rattew , Patrick Rebentrost

The advent of quantum computing necessitates the transition of worldwide cryptosystems to post-quantum cryptography (PQC), which is founded upon the problem of finding short vectors in high-dimensional structured lattices. It is assumed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 Eden Schirman , Cong Ling , Florian Mintert

Powerful Quantum Error Correction Codes (QECCs) are required for stabilizing and protecting fragile qubits against the undesirable effects of quantum decoherence. Similar to classical codes, hashing bound approaching QECCs may be designed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-10 Zunaira Babar , Panagiotis Botsinis , Dimitrios Alanis , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

While stabilizer tableaus have proven exceptionally useful as a descriptive tool for additive quantum codes, they offer little guidance for concrete constructions or coding algorithm analysis. We introduce a representation of stabilizer…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-31 Andrey Boris Khesin

Quantum error correction is widely believed to be essential for large-scale quantum computation, but the required qubit overhead remains a central challenge. Quantum low-density parity-check codes can substantially reduce this overhead…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Chen Zhao , Casey Duckering , Andi Gu , Nishad Maskara , Hengyun Zhou

While quantum algorithms for solving large scale systems of linear equations offer potentially exponential speedups, their application has largely been confined to sparse matrices. This work extends the scope of these algorithms to a broad…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Kun Tang , Jun Lai