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The acquisition of agentic capabilities has transformed LLMs from "knowledge providers" to "action executors", a trend that while expanding LLMs' capability boundaries, significantly increases their susceptibility to malicious use. Previous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jinchuan Zhang , Lu Yin , Yan Zhou , Songlin Hu

Language agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have seen exploding development. Their capability of using language as a vehicle for thought and communication lends an incredible level of flexibility and versatility. People have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Lingbo Mo , Zeyi Liao , Boyuan Zheng , Yu Su , Chaowei Xiao , Huan Sun

LLM agents increasingly act on external systems, yet tool effects are immediate. Under failures, speculation, or contention, losing branches can leak unintended side effects with no safe rollback. We introduce Atomix, a runtime that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Bardia Mohammadi , Nearchos Potamitis , Lars Klein , Akhil Arora , Laurent Bindschaedler

Numerous software analysis tools exist today, yet applying them to diverse open-source projects remains challenging due to environment setup, dependency resolution, and tool configuration. LLM-based agents offer a potential solution, yet no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Islem Bouzenia , Cristian Cadar , Michael Pradel

We present a novel approach for attacking black-box large language models (LLMs) by exploiting their ability to express confidence in natural language. Existing black-box attacks require either access to continuous model outputs like logits…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jie Zhang , Meng Ding , Yang Liu , Jue Hong , Florian Tramèr

Large language models (LLMs) can now access a wide range of external tools, thanks to the Model Context Protocol (MCP). This greatly expands their abilities as various agents. However, LLMs rely entirely on the text descriptions of tools to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Kazem Faghih , Wenxiao Wang , Yize Cheng , Siddhant Bharti , Gaurang Sriramanan , Sriram Balasubramanian , Parsa Hosseini , Soheil Feizi

Large Language Model (LLM)-enabled agents are rapidly emerging across a wide range of applications, but their deployment introduces vulnerabilities with security implications. While prior work has examined prompt-based attacks (e.g., prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Derek Lilienthal , Sanghyun Hong

Autonomous AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) with structured function-calling interfaces enable real-time data retrieval, computation, and multi-step orchestration. However, the rapid growth of plugins, connectors, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Djallel Hamouda , Leandros Maglaras , Abderrahmane Lakas , Merouane Debbah

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly utilized in healthcare applications. However, their deployment in clinical practice raises significant safety concerns, including the potential spread of harmful information. This study…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Hang Zhang , Qian Lou , Yanshan Wang

Autonomous agents based on large language models (LLMs) are rapidly emerging as a general-purpose technology, with recent systems such as OpenClaw extending their capabilities through broad tool use, third-party skills, and deeper…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Lukas Pirch , Micha Horlboge , Patrick Großmann , Syeda Mahnur Asif , Klim Kireev , Thorsten Holz , Konrad Rieck

Integrating LLM and reinforcement learning (RL) agent effectively to achieve complementary performance is critical in high stake tasks like cybersecurity operations. In this study, we introduce SecurityBot, a LLM agent mentored by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Yikuan Yan , Yaolun Zhang , Keman Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have seen rapid adoption in recent years, with industries increasingly relying on them to maintain a competitive advantage. These models excel at interpreting user instructions and generating human-like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Andrew Yeo , Daeseon Choi

Tool-integrated LLMs can retrieve, compute, and take real-world actions via external tools, but reliability remains a key bottleneck. We argue that failures stem from both tool-use accuracy (how well an agent invokes a tool) and intrinsic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hy Dang , Quang Dao , Meng Jiang

The evolution of large language models into autonomous agents introduces adversarial failures that exploit legitimate tool privileges, transforming safety evaluation in tool-augmented environments from a subjective NLP task into an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Samuel Nellessen , Tal Kachman

Recent advances in AI agents capable of solving complex, everyday tasks, from scheduling to customer service, have enabled deployment in real-world settings, but their possibilities for unsafe behavior demands rigorous evaluation. While…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Sanidhya Vijayvargiya , Aditya Bharat Soni , Xuhui Zhou , Zora Zhiruo Wang , Nouha Dziri , Graham Neubig , Maarten Sap

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into tool-using agents, they remain brittle in long-horizon interactions. Unlike mathematical reasoning where errors are often rectifiable via backtracking, tool-use failures frequently induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shengda Fan , Xuyan Ye , Yupeng Huo , Zhi-Yuan Chen , Yiju Guo , Shenzhi Yang , Wenkai Yang , Shuqi Ye , Jingwen Chen , Haotian Chen , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin

As the strength of Large Language Models (LLMs) has grown over recent years, so too has interest in their use as the underlying models for autonomous agents. Although LLMs demonstrate emergent abilities and broad expertise across natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Chris Sypherd , Vaishak Belle

Social platforms serve as central hubs for information exchange, where user behaviors and platform interventions jointly shape opinions. However, intervention policies like recommendation and content filtering, can unintentionally amplify…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Renhong Huang , Ning Tang , Jiarong Xu , Yuxuan Cao , Qingqian Tu , Sheng Guo , Bo Zheng , Huiyuan Liu , Yang Yang

As LLM-based agents are increasingly deployed in real-life scenarios, existing benchmarks fail to capture their inherent complexity of handling extensive information, leveraging diverse resources, and managing dynamic user interactions. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Wei He , Yueqing Sun , Hongyan Hao , Xueyuan Hao , Zhikang Xia , Qi Gu , Chengcheng Han , Dengchang Zhao , Hui Su , Kefeng Zhang , Man Gao , Xi Su , Xiaodong Cai , Xunliang Cai , Yu Yang , Yunke Zhao

Recent improvement gains in large language models (LLMs) have lead to everyday usage of AI-based Conversational Agents (CAs). At the same time, LLMs are vulnerable to an array of threats, including jailbreaks and, for example, causing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Kathrin Grosse , Nico Ebert