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True random number generators (TRNGs) are fundamental building blocks for many applications, such as cryptography, Monte Carlo simulations, neuromorphic computing, and probabilistic computing. While perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions…

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which are the fundamental building blocks of spintronic devices, have been used to build true random number generators (TRNGs) with different trade-offs between throughput, power, and area requirements.…

Combinatorial optimization problems are foundational challenges in fields such as artificial intelligence, logistics, and network design. Traditional algorithms, including greedy methods and dynamic programming, often struggle to balance…

High-quality random numbers are very critical to many fields such as cryptography, finance, and scientific simulation, which calls for the design of reliable true random number generators (TRNGs). Limited by entropy source, throughput,…

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ)-based true-random number generators (RNG) can consume orders of magnitude less energy per bit than CMOS pseudo-RNG. Here, we numerically investigate with a macrospin Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert…

The emerging Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junction (STT-MTJ) technology exhibits interesting stochastic behavior combined with small area and low operation energy. It is, therefore, a promising technology for security applications,…

Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are essential tools in computational statistics for sampling from unnormalised probability distributions, but can be fragile when targeting high-dimensional, multimodal, or complex target…

True random number generators (TRNGs) underpin modern cryptography, yet existing implementations face fundamental trade-offs between speed, scalability, and entropy quality. Here, we demonstrate that stochastic switching in the bistable…

Monte Carlo statistical ray-tracing methods are commonly employed to simulate carrier transport in nanostructured materials. In the case of a large degree of nanostructuring and under linear response (small driving fields), these…

In recent years, true random number generators (TRNGs) based on magnetic tunnelling junction (MTJ) have become increasingly attractive. This is because MTJ-based TRNGs offer some advantages over traditional CMOS-based TRNGs, such as smaller…

Leveraging the power of a graph neural network (GNN) with message passing, we present a Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) method to solve stochastic orienteering problems with chance constraints. While adhering to an assigned travel budget the…

The using of GPU for Monte Carlo particle transport is lacking of fair comparisons. This work performs simulations on both CPU and GPU in the same package under the same manufacturing process of low power mobile devices. The experiment with…

Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs) have shown great promise as hardware sources for true random number generation (TRNG) due to their intrinsic stochastic switching behavior. However, practical deployment remains challenged by drift in…

The claim that Monte Carlo is the most accurate method is a case of misattributed credit. This claim is based on experience with advanced systems MCNPX, Geant4 and EGS. These systems achieve remarkable performance because they use most…

The techniques used to generate pseudo-random numbers for Monte Carlo (MC) applications bear many implications on the quality and speed of that programs work. As a random number generator (RNG) slows, the production of random numbers begins…

We present a new Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithm to solve the stochastic orienteering problem with chance constraints, i.e., a version of the problem where travel costs are random, and one is assigned a bound on the tolerable…

Deterministic pseudo random number generators (PRNGs) used in generative artificial intelligence (GAI) models produce predictable patterns vulnerable to exploitation by attackers. Conventional defences against the vulnerabilities often come…

In scenarios with limited available data, training the function-to-function neural PDE solver in an unsupervised manner is essential. However, the efficiency and accuracy of existing methods are constrained by the properties of numerical…

In high-energy particle physics, complex Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are needed to compare theory predictions to measurable quantities. Many and large MC samples are needed to be generated to take into account all the systematics.…

Sampling from complicated probability distributions is a hard computational problem arising in many fields, including statistical physics, optimization, and machine learning. Quantum computers have recently been used to sample from…