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Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) based Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance and computational efficiency. However, their deployment is often constrained by substantial memory demands, primarily due to the need to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jiawei Hao , Zhiwei Hao , Jianyuan Guo , Li Shen , Yong Luo , Han Hu , Dan Zeng

We introduce XFT, a simple yet powerful training scheme, by simply merging upcycled Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) to unleash the performance limit of instruction-tuned code Large Language Models (LLMs). While vanilla sparse upcycling fails to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Yifeng Ding , Jiawei Liu , Yuxiang Wei , Terry Yue Zhuo , Lingming Zhang

Vision Transformers have emerged as the state-of-the-art models in various Computer Vision tasks, but their high computational and resource demands pose significant challenges. While Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) can make these models more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Uranik Berisha , Jens Mehnert , Alexandru Paul Condurache

Recent efforts on Diffusion Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have primarily focused on developing more sophisticated routing mechanisms. However, we observe that the underlying architectural configuration space remains markedly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yahui Liu , Yang Yue , Jingyuan Zhang , Chenxi Sun , Yang Zhou , Wencong Zeng , Ruiming Tang , Guorui Zhou

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have gained popularity as a means of scaling the capacity of large language models (LLMs) while maintaining sparse activations and reduced per-token compute. However, in memory-constrained inference settings,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Vivan Madan , Prajwal Singhania , Abhinav Bhatele , Tom Goldstein , Ashwinee Panda

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers…

Mixture of Experts (MoE) models based on Transformer architecture are pushing the boundaries of language and vision tasks. The allure of these models lies in their ability to substantially increase the parameter count without a…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models improve transformer efficiency but lack a unified theoretical explanation, especially when both feed-forward and attention layers are allowed to specialize. To this end, we study the Mixture-of-Transformers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Hongbo Li , Qinhang Wu , Sen Lin , Yingbin Liang , Ness B. Shroff

Large multimodal Mixture-of-Experts (MoEs) effectively scale the model size to boost performance while maintaining fixed active parameters. However, previous works primarily utilized full-precision experts during sparse up-cycling. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Hongyu Wang , Jiayu Xu , Ruiping Wang , Yan Feng , Yitao Zhai , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Xilin Chen

Scaling Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) training introduces systems challenges absent in dense models. Because each token activates only a subset of experts, this sparsity allows total parameters to grow much faster than per-token computation,…

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has become a practical architecture for scaling LLM capacity while keeping per-token compute modest, but deploying MoE models on a single, memory-limited GPU remains difficult because expert weights dominate the HBM…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Kexin Chu , Dawei Xiang , Zixu Shen , Yiwei Yang , Zecheng Liu , Wei Zhang

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) enhances model performance while maintaining computational efficiency, making it well-suited for large-scale applications. Conventional mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures suffer from suboptimal coordination…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yujiao Yang , Jing Lian , Linhui Li

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have become a widely-adopted solution to continue scaling model sizes without a corresponding linear increase in compute. During MoE model training, each input token is dynamically routed to a subset of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Athinagoras Skiadopoulos , Mark Zhao , Swapnil Gandhi , Thomas Norrie , Shrijeet Mukherjee , Christos Kozyrakis

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) model architectures can significantly reduce the number of activated parameters per token, enabling computationally efficient training and inference. However, their large overall parameter counts and model sizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Arian Raje , Anupam Nayak , Gauri Joshi

Recently, Mixture-of-Experts (short as MoE) architecture has achieved remarkable success in increasing the model capacity of large-scale language models. However, MoE requires incorporating significantly more parameters than the base model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Ze-Feng Gao , Peiyu Liu , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhong-Yi Lu , Ji-Rong Wen

The goal of this paper is to improve (upcycle) an existing large language model without the prohibitive requirements of continued pre-training of the full-model. The idea is to split the pre-training data into semantically relevant groups…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ajinkya Tejankar , KL Navaneet , Ujjawal Panchal , Kossar Pourahmadi , Hamed Pirsiavash

Mixture of Experts (MoE) LLMs face significant obstacles due to their massive parameter scale, which imposes memory, storage, and deployment challenges. Although recent expert merging methods promise greater efficiency by consolidating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Lujun Li , Zhu Qiyuan , Jiacheng Wang , Wei Li , Hao Gu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Upcycled Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have shown great potential in various tasks by converting the original Feed-Forward Network (FFN) layers in pre-trained dense models into MoE layers. However, these models still suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yongqi Huang , Peng Ye , Chenyu Huang , Jianjian Cao , Lin Zhang , Baopu Li , Gang Yu , Tao Chen

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models scale large language models efficiently by sparsely activating experts, but once an expert is selected, it is executed fully. Hence, the trade-off between accuracy and computation in an MoE model typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Nurbek Tastan , Stefanos Laskaridis , Karthik Nandakumar , Samuel Horvath

The Mixture of Experts (MoE) for language models has been proven effective in augmenting the capacity of models by dynamically routing each input token to a specific subset of experts for processing. Despite the success, most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-26 Hao Zhao , Zihan Qiu , Huijia Wu , Zili Wang , Zhaofeng He , Jie Fu