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Related papers: A Security Analysis of the OpenClaw AI Agent Frame…

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Multi-agent systems built on large language models (LLMs) require many coordination choices that are difficult to fix a priori: which skill protocol to invoke, which agent role should perform a subtask, which model to bind to each role, how…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Nicole Koenigstein

The transition from monolithic language models to modular, skill-equipped agents marks a defining shift in how large language models (LLMs) are deployed in practice. Rather than encoding all procedural knowledge within model weights, agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Renjun Xu , Yang Yan

Large language model (LLM) agents such as OpenClaw rely on reusable skills to perform complex tasks, yet these skills remain largely static after deployment. As a result, similar workflows, tool usage patterns, and failure modes are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ziyu Ma , Shidong Yang , Yuxiang Ji , Xucong Wang , Yong Wang , Yiming Hu , Tongwen Huang , Xiangxiang Chu

Autonomous AI agents are being deployed with filesystem access, email control, and multi-step planning. This thesis contributes to four open problems in AI safety: understanding dangerous internal computations, removing dangerous behaviors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Aengus Lynch

The safety and robustness of large language models (LLMs) based applications remain critical challenges in artificial intelligence. Among the key threats to these applications are prompt hacking attacks, which can significantly undermine…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Baha Rababah , Shang , Wu , Matthew Kwiatkowski , Carson Leung , Cuneyt Gurcan Akcora

Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into AI agents that interact with external tools and environments to perform complex tasks. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become the de facto standard for connecting agents with such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Christoph Bühler , Matteo Biagiola , Luca Di Grazia , Guido Salvaneschi

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly rely on third-party API routers to dispatch tool-calling requests across multiple upstream providers. These routers operate as application-layer proxies with full plaintext access to every…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Hanzhi Liu , Chaofan Shou , Hongbo Wen , Yanju Chen , Ryan Jingyang Fang , Yu Feng

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world decision-making systems, understanding their behavioural vulnerabilities remains a critical challenge for AI safety and alignment. While existing evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Lili Zhang , Haomiaomiao Wang , Long Cheng , Libao Deng , Tomas Ward

Large language models (LLMs) have evolved from simple chatbots into autonomous agents capable of performing complex tasks such as editing production code, orchestrating workflows, and taking higher-stakes actions based on untrusted inputs…

Agentic AI systems automate enterprise workflows but existing defenses--guardrails, semantic filters--are probabilistic and routinely bypassed. We introduce authenticated workflows, the first complete trust layer for enterprise agentic AI.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mohan Rajagopalan , Vinay Rao

Edge deployment of LLM agents on IoT hardware introduces attack surfaces absent from cloud-hosted orchestration. We present an empirical security analysis of three architectures (cloud-hosted, edge-local swarm, and hybrid) using a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhonghao Zhan , Krinos Li , Yefan Zhang , Hamed Haddadi

The arrival of large language models (LLMs) capable of multi-step reasoning, tool use, and long-horizon planning has produced a qualitative shift in software engineering. Where earlier code-completion tools such as GitHub Copilot operated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Happy Bhati

Large Language Model (LLM) agents remain vulnerable to safety threats from the external environment, where attackers inject adversarial content into external observations such as tool-returned data, webpages, or MCP context, causing harmful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yongxiang Li , Moxin Li , Zhixin Ma , Fengbin Zhu , Dongrui Liu , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

Third-party agent skills extend LLM-based agents with instruction files and executable code that run on users' machines. Skills execute with user privileges and are distributed through community registries with minimal vetting, but no…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yi Liu , Zhihao Chen , Yanjun Zhang , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Jianting Ning , Ying Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang

Organisations are starting to adopt LLM-based AI agents, with their deployments naturally evolving from single agents towards interconnected, multi-agent networks. Yet a collection of safe agents does not guarantee a safe collection of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Alistair Reid , Simon O'Callaghan , Liam Carroll , Tiberio Caetano

Advances in large language models have enabled agentic AI systems that can reason, plan, and interact with external tools to execute multi-step workflows, while public blockchains have evolved into a programmable substrate for value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Saad Alqithami

Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents have evolved from passive predictive tools into active entities capable of autonomous decision-making and environmental interaction, driven by the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs).…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Xiaolei Zhang , Lu Zhou , Xiaogang Xu , Jiafei Wu , Tianyu Du , Heqing Huang , Hao Peng , Zhe Liu

LLM-based agents are increasingly expected to handle real-world assistant tasks, yet existing benchmarks typically evaluate them under isolated sources of difficulty, such as a single environment or fully specified instructions. This leaves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xiang Long , Li Du , Yilong Xu , Fangcheng Liu , Haoqing Wang , Ning Ding , Ziheng Li , Jianyuan Guo , Yehui Tang

Computer-use agent (CUA) frameworks, powered by large language models (LLMs) or multimodal LLMs (MLLMs), are rapidly maturing as assistants that can perceive context, reason, and act directly within software environments. Among their most…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Weidi Luo , Qiming Zhang , Tianyu Lu , Xiaogeng Liu , Bin Hu , Hung-Chun Chiu , Siyuan Ma , Yizhe Zhang , Xusheng Xiao , Yinzhi Cao , Zhen Xiang , Chaowei Xiao

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced solutions across various domains, from political science to software development. However, these models are constrained by their training data, which is static and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Aadil Gani Ganie