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Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking embeds detectable signals into generated text for copyright protection, misuse prevention, and content detection. While prior studies evaluate robustness using watermark removal attacks, these methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zhaoxi Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , He Zhang , Shirui Pan , Bo Liu , Asif Qumer Gill , Leo Yu Zhang

Watermark has been widely deployed by industry to detect AI-generated images. A recent watermarking framework called \emph{Stable Signature} (proposed by Meta) roots watermark into the parameters of a diffusion model's decoder such that its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yuepeng Hu , Zhengyuan Jiang , Moyang Guo , Neil Gong

Natural language generation (NLG) applications have gained great popularity due to the powerful deep learning techniques and large training corpus. The deployed NLG models may be stolen or used without authorization, while watermarking has…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Tao Xiang , Chunlong Xie , Shangwei Guo , Jiwei Li , Tianwei Zhang

In the era of costly pre-training of large language models, ensuring the intellectual property rights of model owners, and insuring that said models are responsibly deployed, is becoming increasingly important. To this end, we propose model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Vaden Masrani , Mohammad Akbari , David Ming Xuan Yue , Ahmad Rezaei , Yong Zhang

The rise of synthetic media has blurred the boundary between reality and fabrication under the evolving power of artificial intelligence, fueling an infodemic that erodes public trust in cyberspace. For digital imagery, a multitude of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ching-Chun Chang , Isao Echizen

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to increasing concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, and watermarking for LLM-generated text has emerged as a potential solution. However, it is challenging to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yepeng Liu , Yuheng Bu

Text-to-image diffusion models, such as Stable Diffusion, have shown exceptional potential in generating high-quality images. However, recent studies highlight concerns over the use of unauthorized data in training these models, which may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Soumil Datta , Shih-Chieh Dai , Leo Yu , Guanhong Tao

Robust invisible watermarking systems aim to embed imperceptible payloads that remain decodable after common post-processing such as JPEG compression, cropping, and additive noise. In parallel, diffusion-based image editing has rapidly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Fai Gu , Qiyu Tang , Te Wen , Emily Davis , Finn Carter

Potential harms of Large Language Models such as mass misinformation and plagiarism can be partially mitigated if there exists a reliable way to detect machine generated text. In this paper, we propose a new watermarking method to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Kaan Efe Keleş , Ömer Kaan Gürbüz , Mucahid Kutlu

The intellectual property (IP) of Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily ``stolen'' by surrogate model attack. There has been significant progress in solutions to protect the IP of DNN models in classification tasks. However, little…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Han Fang , Zehua Ma , Weiming Zhang , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

Watermarking methods have always been effective means of protecting intellectual property, yet they face significant challenges. Although existing deep learning-based watermarking systems can hide watermarks in images with minimal impact on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuan Ding , Xiu Yan , Chuanlong Xie , Yao Zhu

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

Protein structure is key to understanding protein function and is essential for progress in bioengineering, drug discovery, and molecular biology. Recently, with the incorporation of generative AI, the power and accuracy of computational…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Zaixi Zhang , Ruofan Jin , Kaidi Fu , Le Cong , Marinka Zitnik , Mengdi Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced rapid advancements, with applications spanning a wide range of fields, including sentiment classification, review generation, and question answering. Due to their efficiency and versatility,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yugeng Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Michael Backes , Zheng Li , Yang Zhang

The advent of the Internet led to the easy availability of digital data like images, audio, and video. Easy access to multimedia gives rise to the issues such as content authentication, security, copyright protection, and ownership…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Shweta Wadhera , Deepa Kamra , Ankit Rajpal , Aruna Jain , Vishal Jain

We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Mansour Al Ghanim , Jiaqi Xue , Rochana Prih Hastuti , Mengxin Zheng , Yan Solihin , Qian Lou

Watermarking the initial noise of diffusion models has emerged as a promising approach for image provenance, but content-independent noise patterns can be forged via inversion and regeneration attacks. Recent semantic-aware watermarking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zheng Gao , Yifan Yang , Xiaoyu Li , Xiaoyan Feng , Haoran Fan , Yang Song , Jiaojiao Jiang

Watermarking embeds imperceptible patterns into images for authenticity verification. However, existing methods often lack robustness against various transformations primarily including distortions, image regeneration, and adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Inzamamul Alam , Md Tanvir Islam , Khan Muhammad , Simon S. Woo

Recent studies on deep watermarking have predominantly focused on in-processing watermarking, which integrates the watermarking process into image generation. However, post-processing watermarking, which embeds watermarks after image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Tzuhsuan Huang , Cheng Yu Yeo , Tsai-Ling Huang , Hong-Han Shuai , Wen-Huang Cheng , Jun-Cheng Chen

The rise of LLMs has increased concerns over source tracing and copyright protection for AIGC, highlighting the need for advanced detection technologies. Passive detection methods usually face high false positives, while active watermarking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Kahim Wong , Jicheng Zhou , Jiantao Zhou , Yain-Whar Si