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We present MultiBreak, a scalable and diverse multi-turn jailbreak benchmark to evaluate large language model (LLM) safety. Multi-turn jailbreaks mimic natural conversational settings, making them easier to bypass safety-aligned LLM than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jialin Song , Xiaodong Liu , Weiwei Yang , Wuyang Chen , Mingqian Feng , Xuekai Zhu , Jianfeng Gao

LLM-based agents solve complex tasks through iterative reasoning, tool use, and environment interaction, where each intermediate thought directly shapes subsequent actions. Small deviations in these thoughts can therefore propagate into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Changyue Jiang , Wenqi Zhang , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

AI-agent guardrails are memoryless: each message is judged in isolation, so an adversary who spreads a single attack across dozens of sessions slips past every session-bound detector because only the aggregate carries the payload. We make…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Ari Azarafrooz

In safety-critical RL settings, the inclusion of an additional cost function is often favoured over the arduous task of modifying the reward function to ensure the agent's safe behaviour. However, designing or evaluating such a cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Shashank Reddy Chirra , Pradeep Varakantham , Praveen Paruchuri

High-privilege LLM agents that autonomously process external documentation are increasingly trusted to automate tasks by reading and executing project instructions, yet they are granted terminal access, filesystem control, and outbound…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ching-Yu Kao , Xinfeng Li , Shenyu Dai , Tianze Qiu , Pengcheng Zhou , Eric Hanchen Jiang , Philip Sperl

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for complex reasoning tasks, Long Chain-of-Thought (Long-CoT) prompting has emerged as a key paradigm for structured inference. Despite early-stage safeguards enabled by alignment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yuyi Huang , Runzhe Zhan , Lidia S. Chao , Ailin Tao , Derek F. Wong

Contemporary benchmarks for agentic artificial intelligence (AI) frequently evaluate safety through isolated task-level accuracy thresholds, implicitly treating autonomous systems as single points of failure. This single-channel paradigm…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Nelu D. Radpour

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly central to agentic systems due to their strong reasoning and planning capabilities. By interacting with external environments through predefined tools, these agents can carry out complex user…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Hao Li , Xiaogeng Liu , Hung-Chun Chiu , Dianqi Li , Ning Zhang , Chaowei Xiao

As AI agents increasingly operate in complex environments, ensuring reliable, context-aware privacy is critical for regulatory compliance. Traditional access controls are insufficient because privacy risks often arise after access is…

The transition of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive code generators to autonomous agents introduces significant safety risks, specifically regarding destructive commands and inconsistent system states. Existing commercial solutions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Boyang Yan

Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are increasingly used in sensitive domains such as healthcare, finance, and government, where they handle large volumes of personal and regulated data. However, these systems introduce distinct…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Sunil Arora , John Hastings

LLM-based coding agents extend their capabilities via third-party agent skills distributed through open marketplaces without mandatory security review. Unlike traditional packages, these skills are executed as operational directives with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yubin Qu , Yi Liu , Tongcheng Geng , Gelei Deng , Yuekang Li , Leo Yu Zhang , Ying Zhang , Lei Ma

This study reveals a critical safety blind spot in modern LLMs: learning-style queries, which closely resemble ordinary educational questions, can reliably elicit harmful responses. The learning-style queries are constructed by a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xuan Luo , Yue Wang , Zefeng He , Geng Tu , Jing Li , Ruifeng Xu

Multi-agent LLM systems introduce a security risk in which sensitive information accessed by one agent can propagate through shared context and reappear in downstream outputs, even without explicit adversarial intent. We formalise this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Riya Tapwal , Abhishek Kumar , Carsten Maple

Prepending model inputs with safety prompts is a common practice for safeguarding large language models (LLMs) against queries with harmful intents. However, the underlying working mechanisms of safety prompts have not been unraveled yet,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Chujie Zheng , Fan Yin , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Kai-Wei Chang , Minlie Huang , Nanyun Peng

Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by large language models (LLMs) increasingly adopt planner--executor architectures, where planners convert prompts into subtasks, roles, dependencies, and routing paths. This flexibility enables adaptive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Fanxiao Li , Jiaying Wu , Tingchao Fu , Natasha Jaques , Wei Zhou , Min-Yen Kan

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly adopted as tool-using agents that can plan, observe their environment, and take actions over extended time periods. This evolution challenges current evaluation practices where the AI…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Simone Aonzo , Merve Sahin , Aurélien Francillon , Daniele Perito

Large language model (LLM) agents are vulnerable to prompt-injection attacks that propagate through multi-step workflows, tool interactions, and persistent context, making input-output filtering alone insufficient for reliable protection.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hailin Liu , Eugene Ilyushin , Jie Ni , Min Zhu

Recent human-computer interaction (HCI) research has revealed a widespread misalignment between how developers design workplace artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and what workers actually need from them. Yet, little research has…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Julia De Miguel Velázquez , Sanja Šćepanović , Andrés Gvirtz , Daniele Quercia

Binary vulnerability analysis is increasingly performed by LLM-based agents in an iterative, multi-pass manner, with the model as the core decision-maker. However, how such systems organize exploration over hundreds of reasoning steps…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Qiang Li , XiangRui Zhang , Haining Wang