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This study evaluates a smartphone-based, deep-learning eye-tracking algorithm by comparing its performance against a commercial infrared-based eye tracker, the Tobii Pro Nano. The aim is to investigate the feasibility of appearance-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Nishan Gunawardena , Gough Yumu Lui , Bahman Javadi , Jeewani Anupama Ginige

The study of human gaze behavior in natural contexts requires algorithms for gaze estimation that are robust to a wide range of imaging conditions. However, algorithms often fail to identify features such as the iris and pupil centroid in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Rakshit S. Kothari , Reynold J. Bailey , Christopher Kanan , Jeff B. Pelz , Gabriel J. Diaz

Appearance-based gaze estimation systems have shown great progress recently, yet the performance of these techniques depend on the datasets used for training. Most of the existing gaze estimation datasets setup in interactive settings were…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Murthy L. R. D. , Abhishek Mukhopadhyay , Shambhavi Aggarwal , Ketan Anand , Pradipta Biswas

Although gaze estimation methods have been developed with deep learning techniques, there has been no such approach as aim to attain accurate performance in low-resolution face images with a pixel width of 50 pixels or less. To solve a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Jun-Seok Yun , Youngju Na , Hee Hyeon Kim , Hyung-Il Kim , Seok Bong Yoo

Appearance-based gaze estimation is believed to work well in real-world settings, but existing datasets have been collected under controlled laboratory conditions and methods have been not evaluated across multiple datasets. In this work we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-02-07 Xucong Zhang , Yusuke Sugano , Mario Fritz , Andreas Bulling

Gaze estimation, the task of predicting where an individual is looking, is a critical task with direct applications in areas such as human-computer interaction and virtual reality. Estimating the direction of looking in unconstrained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Andy Cătrună , Adrian Cosma , Emilian Rădoi

Human eye gaze estimation is an important cognitive ingredient for successful human-robot interaction, enabling the robot to read and predict human behavior. We approach this problem using artificial neural networks and build a modular…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Dmytro Herashchenko , Igor Farkaš

Gaze-annotated facial data is crucial for training deep neural networks (DNNs) for gaze estimation. However, obtaining these data is labor-intensive and requires specialized equipment due to the challenge of accurately annotating the gaze…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Nerea Aranjuelo , Siyu Huang , Ignacio Arganda-Carreras , Luis Unzueta , Oihana Otaegui , Hanspeter Pfister , Donglai Wei

Gaze estimation for ordinary smart phone, e.g. estimating where the user is looking at on the phone screen, can be applied in various applications. However, the widely used appearance-based CNN methods still have two issues for practical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-17 Tianchu Guo , Yongchao Liu , Hui Zhang , Xiabing Liu , Youngjun Kwak , Byung In Yoo , Jae-Joon Han , Changkyu Choi

Gaze estimation is pivotal in human scene comprehension tasks, particularly in medical diagnostic analysis. Eye-tracking technology facilitates the recording of physicians' ocular movements during image interpretation, thereby elucidating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Shaonan Liu , Wenting Chen , Jie Liu , Xiaoling Luo , Linlin Shen

We address the problem of estimating the relative 6D pose, i.e., position and orientation, of a target spacecraft, from a monocular image, a key capability for future autonomous Rendezvous and Proximity Operations. Due to the difficulty of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Antoine Legrand , Renaud Detry , Christophe De Vleeschouwer

Inter-personal anatomical differences limit the accuracy of person-independent gaze estimation networks. Yet there is a need to lower gaze errors further to enable applications requiring higher quality. Further gains can be achieved by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Seonwook Park , Shalini De Mello , Pavlo Molchanov , Umar Iqbal , Otmar Hilliges , Jan Kautz

Personal variations severely limit the performance of appearance-based gaze tracking. Adapting to these variations using standard neural network model adaptation methods is difficult. The problems range from overfitting, due to small…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Erik Lindén , Jonas Sjöstrand , Alexandre Proutiere

We address the challenge of unsupervised mistake detection in egocentric video of skilled human activities through the analysis of gaze signals. While traditional methods rely on manually labeled mistakes, our approach does not require…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Michele Mazzamuto , Antonino Furnari , Yoichi Sato , Giovanni Maria Farinella

Single-view RGB model-based object pose estimation methods achieve strong generalization but are fundamentally limited by depth ambiguity, clutter, and occlusions. Multi-view pose estimation methods have the potential to solve these issues,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Anna Šárová Mikeštíková , Médéric Fourmy , Martin Cífka , Josef Sivic , Vladimir Petrik

Gaze estimation is instrumental in modern virtual reality (VR) systems. Despite significant progress in remote-camera gaze estimation, VR gaze research remains constrained by data scarcity, particularly the lack of large-scale, accurately…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Gil Shapira , Ishay Goldin , Evgeny Artyomov , Donghoon Kim , Yosi Keller , Niv Zehngut

Estimation of 3D gaze is highly relevant to multiple fields, including but not limited to interactive systems, specialized human-computer interfaces, and behavioral research. Although recently deep learning methods have boosted the accuracy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Gabriel Lefundes , Luciano Oliveira

Appearance-based gaze estimation aims to predict the 3D eye gaze direction from a single image. While recent deep learning-based approaches have demonstrated excellent performance, they usually assume one calibrated face in each input image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Mingfang Zhang , Yunfei Liu , Feng Lu

Video-based gaze estimation methods aim to capture the inherently temporal dynamics of human eye gaze from multiple image frames. However, since models must capture both spatial and temporal relationships, performance is limited by the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Alexandre Personnic , Mihai Bâce

In recent years, zero-shot and few-shot learning in visual grounding have garnered considerable attention, largely due to the success of large-scale vision-language pre-training on expansive datasets such as LAION-5B and DataComp-1B.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Sen Jia , Lei Li