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Foundation models have shown remarkable performance across diverse tasks, yet their ability to construct internal spatial world models for reasoning and planning remains unclear. We systematically evaluate the spatial understanding of large…
Scaling up autoregressive models in vision has not proven as beneficial as in large language models. In this work, we investigate this scaling problem in the context of text-to-image generation, focusing on two critical factors: whether…
Image tokenization plays a critical role in reducing the computational demands of modeling high-resolution images, significantly improving the efficiency of image and multimodal understanding and generation. Recent advances in 1D latent…
Recent multimodal image generators such as GPT-4o, Gemini 2.0 Flash, and Gemini 2.5 Pro excel at following complex instructions, editing images and maintaining concept consistency. However, they are still evaluated by disjoint toolkits:…
Multimodal foundation models (MFMs), such as GPT-4o, have recently made remarkable progress. However, their detailed visual understanding beyond question answering remains unclear. In this paper, we benchmark popular MFMs (GPT-4o, o4-mini,…
Recent advancements in generative AI systems have raised concerns about academic integrity among educators. Beyond excelling at solving programming problems and text-based multiple-choice questions, recent research has also found that large…
We propose a new benchmark evaluating the performance of multimodal large language models on rebus puzzles. The dataset covers 333 original examples of image-based wordplay, cluing 13 categories such as movies, composers, major cities, and…
Data-efficient image classification using deep neural networks in settings, where only small amounts of labeled data are available, has been an active research area in the recent past. However, an objective comparison between published…
We introduce CurveBench, a benchmark for hierarchical topological reasoning from visual input. CurveBench consists of \textbf{756 images} of pairwise non-intersecting Jordan curves across easy, polygonal, topographic-inspired, maze-like,…
Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) promise advanced vision language capabilities, yet their effectiveness in visually presented mathematics remains underexplored. This paper analyzes the development and evaluation of MLLMs for…
Prevailing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) encode the input image(s) as vision tokens and feed them into the language backbone, similar to how Large Language Models (LLMs) process the text tokens. However, the number of vision…
Multimodal AI systems are evaluated by downstream task accuracy, but high accuracy does not mean the underlying data is coherent. A model can score well on Visual Question Answering (VQA) while its inputs contradict each other. We introduce…
Omni-modal models that have multimodal input and output are emerging. However, benchmarking their multimodal generation, especially in image generation, is challenging due to the subtleties of human preferences and model biases. Many image…
Geometry problem-solving (GPS), a challenging task requiring both visual comprehension and symbolic reasoning, effectively measures the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). Humans exhibit strong reasoning…
Imagine observing someone scratching their arm; to understand why, additional context would be necessary. However, spotting a mosquito nearby would immediately offer a likely explanation for the person's discomfort, thereby alleviating the…
We introduce VisualQuest, a novel dataset designed to rigorously evaluate multimodal large language models (MLLMs) on abstract visual reasoning tasks that require the integration of symbolic, cultural, and linguistic knowledge. Unlike…
3D visual grounding has made notable progress in localizing objects within complex 3D scenes. However, grounding referring expressions beyond objects in 3D scenes remains unexplored. In this paper, we introduce Anywhere3D-Bench, a holistic…
Modern generative models have demonstrated the ability to solve challenging mathematical problems. In many real-world settings, however, mathematical solutions must be expressed visually through diagrams, plots, geometric constructions, and…
This paper investigates an under-explored but important problem: given a collection of pre-trained neural networks, predicting their performance on each multi-modal task without fine-tuning them, such as image recognition, referring,…
This paper benchmarks eight multi-modal large language models from three families (GPT-5, Gemini 2.5, and open-source Gemma 3) on three diverse openly available invoice document datasets using zero-shot prompting. We compare two processing…