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From rearranging objects on a table to putting groceries into shelves, robots must plan precise action points to perform tasks accurately and reliably. In spite of the recent adoption of vision language models (VLMs) to control robot…

Reasoning about spatial relationships between objects is essential for many real-world robotic tasks, such as fetch-and-delivery, object rearrangement, and object search. The ability to detect and disambiguate different objects and identify…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Negar Nejatishahidin , Madhukar Reddy Vongala , Jana Kosecka

Vision-language models (VLMs) have advanced rapidly, but their ability to capture spatial relationships remains a blindspot. Current VLMs are typically built with contrastive language-image pretraining (CLIP) style image encoders. The…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Nahid Alam , Leema Krishna Murali , Siddhant Bharadwaj , Patrick Liu , Timothy Chung , Drishti Sharma , Akshata A , Kranthi Kiran , Wesley Tam , Bala Krishna S Vegesna

In this paper, we claim that spatial understanding is the keypoint in robot manipulation, and propose SpatialVLA to explore effective spatial representations for the robot foundation model. Specifically, we introduce Ego3D Position Encoding…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Delin Qu , Haoming Song , Qizhi Chen , Yuanqi Yao , Xinyi Ye , Yan Ding , Zhigang Wang , JiaYuan Gu , Bin Zhao , Dong Wang , Xuelong Li

Large vision-language models (VLMs) show strong multimodal understanding but still struggle with 3D spatial reasoning, such as distance estimation, size comparison, and cross-view consistency. Existing 3D-aware methods either depend on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Ruosen Zhao , Zhikang Zhang , Jialei Xu , Jiahao Chang , Dong Chen , Lingyun Li , Weijian Sun , Zizhuang Wei

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly improved 2D visual understanding, prompting interest in their application to complex 3D reasoning tasks. However, it remains unclear whether these models can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xiaoyu Zhan , Wenxuan Huang , Hao Sun , Xinyu Fu , Changfeng Ma , Shaosheng Cao , Bohan Jia , Shaohui Lin , Zhenfei Yin , Lei Bai , Wanli Ouyang , Yuanqi Li , Jie Guo , Yanwen Guo

The realization of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) necessitates Embodied AI agents capable of robust spatial perception, effective task planning, and adaptive execution in physical environments. However, current large language models…

In embodied AI, visual perception should be active rather than passive: the system must decide where to look and at what scale to sense to acquire maximally informative data under pixel and spatial budget constraints. Existing vision models…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Jiashu Yang , Yifan Han , Yucheng Xie , Ning Guo , Wenzhao Lian

Recent advances in the areas of multimodal machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the development of challenging tasks at the intersection of Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing, and Embodied AI. Whereas many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Jonathan Francis , Nariaki Kitamura , Felix Labelle , Xiaopeng Lu , Ingrid Navarro , Jean Oh

Embodied learning for object-centric robotic manipulation is a rapidly developing and challenging area in embodied AI. It is crucial for advancing next-generation intelligent robots and has garnered significant interest recently. Unlike…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Ying Zheng , Lei Yao , Yuejiao Su , Yi Zhang , Yi Wang , Sicheng Zhao , Yiyi Zhang , Lap-Pui Chau

Despite the ubiquity of large language models (LLMs) in AI research, the question of embodiment in LLMs remains underexplored, distinguishing them from embodied systems in robotics where sensory perception directly informs physical action.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Philipp Wicke , Lennart Wachowiak

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) that directly process RGB inputs for tasks like 3D localization and navigation have shown remarkable potential. However, we argue that these RGB-only approaches are fundamentally flawed in their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Gongjie Zhang , Wenhao Li , Quanhao Qian , Jiuniu Wang , Deli Zhao , Shijian Lu , Ran Xu

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental capability for embodied intelligence, especially for fine-grained manipulation tasks such as robotic assembly. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) exhibit preliminary spatial awareness, they largely…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhi Jing , Jinbin Qiao , Ouyang Lu , Jicong Ao , Shuang Qiu , Yu-Gang Jiang , Chenjia Bai

Recent advances in the areas of Multimodal Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have led to the development of challenging tasks at the intersection of Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing, and Robotics. Whereas many…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Jonathan Francis , Nariaki Kitamura , Felix Labelle , Xiaopeng Lu , Ingrid Navarro , Jean Oh

"Embodied visual navigation" problem requires an agent to navigate in a 3D environment mainly rely on its first-person observation. This problem has attracted rising attention in recent years due to its wide application in autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Fengda Zhu , Yi Zhu , Vincent CS Lee , Xiaodan Liang , Xiaojun Chang

A metric-accurate semantic 3D representation is essential for many robotic tasks. This work proposes a simple, yet powerful, way to integrate the 2D embeddings of a Vision-Language Model in a metric-accurate 3D representation at real-time.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Christian Rauch , Björn Ellensohn , Linus Nwankwo , Vedant Dave , Elmar Rueckert

Embodied agents face a critical dilemma that end-to-end models lack interpretability and explicit 3D reasoning, while modular systems ignore cross-component interdependencies and synergies. To bridge this gap, we propose the Dynamic 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Zihan Wang , Seungjun Lee , Guangzhao Dai , Gim Hee Lee

Recent advances in imitation learning have shown significant promise for robotic control and embodied intelligence. However, achieving robust generalization across diverse mounted camera observations remains a critical challenge. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Travis Davies , Jiahuan Yan , Xiang Chen , Yu Tian , Yueting Zhuang , Yiqi Huang , Luhui Hu

Deep-learning and large scale language-image training have produced image object detectors that generalise well to diverse environments and semantic classes. However, single-image object detectors trained on internet data are not optimally…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Nicolas Harvey Chapman , Feras Dayoub , Will Browne , Chris Lehnert

Vision Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in 2D vision and language tasks. However, their ability to reason about spatial arrangements remains limited. In this work, we introduce Spatial Region GPT (SpatialRGPT)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 An-Chieh Cheng , Hongxu Yin , Yang Fu , Qiushan Guo , Ruihan Yang , Jan Kautz , Xiaolong Wang , Sifei Liu