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State-of-the-art machine learning models require access to significant amount of annotated data in order to achieve the desired level of performance. While unlabelled data can be largely available and even abundant, annotation process can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Rahaf Aljundi , Nikolay Chumerin , Daniel Olmeda Reino

Hand-annotated data can vary due to factors such as subjective differences, intra-rater variability, and differing annotator expertise. We study annotations from different experts who labelled the same behavior classes on a set of animal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Megan Tjandrasuwita , Jennifer J. Sun , Ann Kennedy , Swarat Chaudhuri , Yisong Yue

Medical image segmentation is a fundamental and critical step in many image-guided clinical approaches. Recent success of deep learning-based segmentation methods usually relies on a large amount of labeled data, which is particularly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Rushi Jiao , Yichi Zhang , Le Ding , Rong Cai , Jicong Zhang

Reliably labelling data typically requires annotations from multiple human workers. However, humans are far from being perfect. Hence, it is a common practice to aggregate labels gathered from multiple annotators to make a more confident…

Recent advancements in multimodal foundation models have showcased impressive capabilities in understanding and reasoning with visual and textual information. Adapting these foundation models trained for general usage to specialized domains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Hejie Cui , Lingjun Mao , Xin Liang , Jieyu Zhang , Hui Ren , Quanzheng Li , Xiang Li , Carl Yang

Topological and geometrical analysis of retinal blood vessel is a cost-effective way for early detection of many common diseases. Meanwhile, automated vessel segmentation and vascular tree analysis are still lacking in terms of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-24 Xingzheng Lyu , Li Cheng , Sanyuan Zhang

Motivation: The rapid growth of metagenomics sequencing data makes metagenomics increasingly dependent on computational and statistical methods for fast and efficient analysis. Consequently, novel analysis tools for big-data metagenomics…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2022-10-19 Kaoutar Daoud Hiri , Matjaž Hren , Tomaž Curk

Labeling images for visual segmentation is a time-consuming task which can be costly, particularly in application domains where labels have to be provided by specialized expert annotators, such as civil engineering. In this paper, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Klara Janouskova , Mattia Rigotti , Ioana Giurgiu , Cristiano Malossi

This paper introduces a new concept called "transferable visual words" (TransVW), aiming to achieve annotation efficiency for deep learning in medical image analysis. Medical imaging--focusing on particular parts of the body for defined…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Fatemeh Haghighi , Mohammad Reza Hosseinzadeh Taher , Zongwei Zhou , Michael B. Gotway , Jianming Liang

As the adoption of deep learning techniques in industrial applications grows with increasing speed and scale, successful deployment of deep learning models often hinges on the availability, volume, and quality of annotated data. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Haoping Bai , Meng Cao , Ping Huang , Jiulong Shan

Supervised classification heavily depends on datasets annotated by humans. However, in subjective tasks such as toxicity classification, these annotations often exhibit low agreement among raters. Annotations have commonly been aggregated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Negar Mokhberian , Myrl G. Marmarelis , Frederic R. Hopp , Valerio Basile , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Identifiers, such as method and variable names, form a large portion of source code. Therefore, low-quality identifiers can substantially hinder code comprehension. To support developers in using meaningful identifiers, several…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Antonio Mastropaolo , Emad Aghajani , Luca Pascarella , Gabriele Bavota

Visual categorization and learning of visual categories exhibit early onset, however the underlying mechanisms of early categorization are not well understood. The main limiting factor for examining these mechanisms is the limited duration…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-30 Samuel Rivera , Catherine A. Best , Hyungwook Yim , Dirk B. Walther , Vladimir M. Sloutsky , Aleix M. Martinez

Embryo selection is one of multiple crucial steps in in-vitro fertilization, commonly based on morphological assessment by clinical embryologists. Although artificial intelligence methods have demonstrated their potential to support embryo…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Nicklas Neu , Thomas Ebner , Jasmin Primus , Bernhard Schenkenfelder , Raphael Zefferer , Mathias Brunbauer , Florian Kromp

Clinical notes are unstructured text generated by clinicians during patient encounters. Clinical notes are usually accompanied by a set of metadata codes from the International Classification of Diseases(ICD). ICD code is an important code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Tak-Sung Heo , Yongmin Yoo , Yeongjoon Park , Byeong-Cheol Jo , Kyungsun Kim

Training of autonomous driving systems requires extensive datasets with precise annotations to attain robust performance. Human annotations suffer from imperfections, and multiple iterations are often needed to produce high-quality…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Santosh Vasa , Aditi Ramadwar , Jnana Rama Krishna Darabattula , Md Zafar Anwar , Stanislaw Antol , Andrei Vatavu , Thomas Monninger , Sihao Ding

Sketch recognition allows natural and efficient interaction in pen-based interfaces. A key obstacle to building accurate sketch recognizers has been the difficulty of creating large amounts of annotated training data. Several authors have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Erelcan Yanik , Tevfik Metin Sezgin

Annotating 3D data remains a costly bottleneck for 3D object detection, motivating the development of weakly supervised annotation methods that rely on more accessible 2D box annotations. However, relying solely on 2D boxes introduces…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Saad Lahlali , Alexandre Fournier Montgieux , Nicolas Granger , Hervé Le Borgne , Quoc Cuong Pham

Data collection from manual labeling provides domain-specific and task-aligned supervision for data-driven approaches, and a critical mass of well-annotated resources is required to achieve reasonable performance in natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhengyuan Liu , Hai Leong Chieu , Nancy F. Chen

Static Application Security Testing (SAST) enables organizations to detect vulnerabilities in code early; however, major SAST platforms do not include visual aids and present little insight on correlations between tainted data chains. We…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Naeem Budhwani , Mohammad Faghani , Hayden Richard