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In countries that speak multiple main languages, mixing up different languages within a conversation is commonly called code-switching. Previous works addressing this challenge mainly focused on word-level aspects such as word embeddings.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Genta Indra Winata , Zhaojiang Lin , Jamin Shin , Zihan Liu , Pascale Fung

Learned Sparse Retrieval (LSR) models use vocabularies from pre-trained transformers, which often split entities into nonsensical fragments. Splitting entities can reduce retrieval accuracy and limits the model's ability to incorporate…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Thong Nguyen , Shubham Chatterjee , Sean MacAvaney , Iain Mackie , Jeff Dalton , Andrew Yates

Dense word embeddings, which encode semantic meanings of words to low dimensional vector spaces have become very popular in natural language processing (NLP) research due to their state-of-the-art performances in many NLP tasks. Word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-07-20 Lutfi Kerem Senel , Ihsan Utlu , Veysel Yucesoy , Aykut Koc , Tolga Cukur

Self-supervised learning models for speech processing, such as wav2vec2, HuBERT, WavLM, and Whisper, generate embeddings that capture both linguistic and paralinguistic information, making it challenging to analyze tone independently of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Hamdan Al Ahbabi , Gautier Marti , Saeed AlMarri , Ibrahim Elfadel

While multilingual language models successfully transfer factual and syntactic knowledge across languages, it remains unclear whether they process culture-specific pragmatic registers, such as slang, as isolated language-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Uri Z. Kialy , Avi Shtarkberg , Ayal Klein

Interpretability benefits the theoretical understanding of representations. Existing word embeddings are generally dense representations. Hence, the meaning of latent dimensions is difficult to interpret. This makes word embeddings like a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Minxue Xia , Hao Zhu

Sign Language Recognition (SLR) is a fast-growing field that aims to fill the communication gaps between the hearing-impaired and people without hearing loss. Existing solutions for Persian Sign Language (PSL) are limited to word-level…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Amirparsa Salmankhah , Amirreza Rajabi , Negin Kheirmand , Ali Fadaeimanesh , Amirreza Tarabkhah , Amirreza Kazemzadeh , Hamed Farbeh

We introduce VLM-Lens, a toolkit designed to enable systematic benchmarking, analysis, and interpretation of vision-language models (VLMs) by supporting the extraction of intermediate outputs from any layer during the forward pass of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Hala Sheta , Eric Huang , Shuyu Wu , Ilia Alenabi , Jiajun Hong , Ryker Lin , Ruoxi Ning , Daniel Wei , Jialin Yang , Jiawei Zhou , Ziqiao Ma , Freda Shi

This paper proposes a framework to improve the typing experience of mobile users in morphologically rich languages. Smartphone keyboards typically support features such as input decoding, corrections and predictions that all rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Andreas Kabel , Keith Hall , Tom Ouyang , David Rybach , Daan van Esch , Françoise Beaufays

An interesting method of evaluating word representations is by how much they reflect the semantic representations in the human brain. However, most, if not all, previous works only focus on small datasets and a single modality. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-12-03 Nora Hollenstein , Antonio de la Torre , Nicolas Langer , Ce Zhang

Lexical Semantic Change (LSC) provides insight into cultural and social dynamics. Yet, the validity of methods for measuring different kinds of LSC remains unestablished due to the absence of historical benchmark datasets. To address this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Naomi Baes , Raphaël Merx , Nick Haslam , Ekaterina Vylomova , Haim Dubossarsky

Human-annotated attributes serve as powerful semantic embeddings in zero-shot learning. However, their annotation process is labor-intensive and needs expert supervision. Current unsupervised semantic embeddings, i.e., word embeddings,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Wenjia Xu , Yongqin Xian , Jiuniu Wang , Bernt Schiele , Zeynep Akata

Speech emotion recognition systems have high prediction latency because of the high computational requirements for deep learning models and low generalizability mainly because of the poor reliability of emotional measurements across…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-02-23 Abdul Rehman , Zhen-Tao Liu , Min Wu , Wei-Hua Cao , Cheng-Shan Jiang

Synthesizers are powerful tools that allow musicians to create dynamic and original sounds. Existing commercial interfaces for synthesizers typically require musicians to interact with complex low-level parameters or to manage large…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Stephen Brade , Bryan Wang , Mauricio Sousa , Gregory Lee Newsome , Sageev Oore , Tovi Grossman

In recent years, there has been growing interest in representing speech with discrete tokens, which serve as pseudo-text for speech language models (speechLMs) and as efficient intermediate representations for downstream tasks. These tokens…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Kentaro Onda , Hayato Futami , Yosuke Kashiwagi , Emiru Tsunoo , Shinji Watanabe

Incorporating lexical knowledge into deep learning models has been proved to be very effective for sequence labeling tasks. However, previous works commonly have difficulty dealing with large-scale dynamic lexicons which often cause…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Baojun Wang , Zhao Zhang , Kun Xu , Guang-Yuan Hao , Yuyang Zhang , Lifeng Shang , Linlin Li , Xiao Chen , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

The availability of prosodic information from speech signals is useful in a wide range of applications. However, deriving this information from speech signals can be a laborious task involving manual intervention. Therefore, the current…

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved remarkable success across various speech-processing tasks. To enhance its efficiency, previous works often leverage the use of compression techniques. A notable recent attempt is DPHuBERT, which…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Luca Zampierin , Ghouthi Boukli Hacene , Bac Nguyen , Mirco Ravanelli

Speech tokenizers are a key building block of fully discrete Speech LLMs.Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding,fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably,or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hanlin Zhang , Daxin Tan , Dehua Tao , Xiao Chen , Haochen Tan , Yunhe Li , Yuchen Cao , Linqi Song

Dense vector representations for sentences made significant progress in recent years as can be seen on sentence similarity tasks. Real-world phrase retrieval applications, on the other hand, still encounter challenges for effective use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Eyal Orbach , Lev Haikin , Nelly David , Avi Faizakof