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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in open-source software (OSS) ecosystems, creating complex interactions among natural language prompts, probabilistic model outputs, and execution-capable components. However, it…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Fariha Tanjim Shifat , Hariswar Baburaj , Ce Zhou , Jaydeb Sarker , Mia Mohammad Imran

Large Language Model (LLM) agents face security vulnerabilities spanning AI-specific and traditional software domains, yet current research addresses these separately. This study bridges this gap through comparative evaluation of Function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tarek Gasmi , Ramzi Guesmi , Ines Belhadj , Jihene Bennaceur

This paper introduces a dynamic and actionable framework for securing agentic AI systems in enterprise deployment. We contend that safety and security are not merely fixed attributes of individual models but also emergent properties arising…

Agentic Al systems are increasingly deployed as personal assistants and are likely to become a common object of digital investigations. However, little is known about how their internal state and actions can be reconstructed during forensic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Jan Gruber , Jan-Niclas Hilgert

The emergence of AI agents powered by large language models (LLMs) marks a pivotal shift toward the Agentic Web, a new phase of the internet defined by autonomous, goal-driven interactions. In this paradigm, agents interact directly with…

AI agents have recently shown significant promise in software engineering. Much public attention has been transfixed on the topic of code generation from Large Language Models (LLMs) via a prompt. However, software engineering is much more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Abhik Roychoudhury

Current evaluations of tool-integrated LLM agents typically focus on end-to-end tool-usage evaluation while neglecting their stability. This limits their real-world applicability, as various internal or external factors can cause agents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Weimin Xiong , Ke Wang , Yifan Song , Hanchao Liu , Sai Zhou , Wei Peng , Sujian Li

As AI agents powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly versatile and capable of addressing a broad spectrum of tasks, ensuring their security has become a critical challenge. Among the most pressing threats are prompt…

With the prosperity of large language models (LLMs), powerful LLM-based intelligent agents have been developed to provide customized services with a set of user-defined tools. State-of-the-art methods for constructing LLM agents adopt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Yifei Wang , Dizhan Xue , Shengjie Zhang , Shengsheng Qian

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed within agentic systems - collections of interacting, LLM-powered agents that execute complex, adaptive workflows using memory, tools, and dynamic planning. While enabling powerful new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Dany Moshkovich , Sergey Zeltyn

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have catalyzed the rise of autonomous AI agents capable of perceiving, reasoning, and acting in dynamic, open-ended environments. These large-model agents mark a paradigm shift from static…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Hang Su , Jun Luo , Chang Liu , Xiao Yang , Yichi Zhang , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Claude Code is an agentic coding tool that can run shell commands, edit files, and call external services on behalf of the user. This study describes its comprehensive architecture by analyzing the publicly available TypeScript source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jiacheng Liu , Xiaohan Zhao , Xinyi Shang , Zhiqiang Shen

Tool use has turned large language models (LLMs) into powerful agents that can perform complex multi-step tasks by dynamically utilising external software components. However, these tools must be implemented in advance by human developers,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Georg Wölflein , Dyke Ferber , Daniel Truhn , Ognjen Arandjelović , Jakob Nikolas Kather

Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled agents to move beyond conversation toward end-to-end task execution and become more helpful. However, this helpfulness introduces new security risks stem less from direct interface abuse than from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Carsten Rudolph

Language agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have seen exploding development. Their capability of using language as a vehicle for thought and communication lends an incredible level of flexibility and versatility. People have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Lingbo Mo , Zeyi Liao , Boyuan Zheng , Yu Su , Chaowei Xiao , Huan Sun

AI agents are systems capable of perceiving their environment, autonomously planning and executing tasks. Recent advancements in LLM have introduced a transformative paradigm for AI agents, enabling them to interact with external resources…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Kaiwen Ning , Jiachi Chen , Jingwen Zhang , Wei Li , Zexu Wang , Yuming Feng , Weizhe Zhang , Zibin Zheng

The emergence of autonomous Large Language Model (LLM) agents capable of tool usage has introduced new safety risks that go beyond traditional conversational misuse. These agents, empowered to execute external functions, are vulnerable to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Zeyang Sha , Hanling Tian , Zhuoer Xu , Shiwen Cui , Changhua Meng , Weiqiang Wang

Recent improvement gains in large language models (LLMs) have lead to everyday usage of AI-based Conversational Agents (CAs). At the same time, LLMs are vulnerable to an array of threats, including jailbreaks and, for example, causing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Kathrin Grosse , Nico Ebert

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in agentic systems, where a fundamental task is mapping user intents to relevant external tools. Errors in tool selection can have severe outcomes, such as unauthorized data access,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jehyeok Yeon , Isha Chaudhary , Gagandeep Singh

The emergence of Agentic AI systems has outpaced the architectural thinking required to operate them effectively. These agents differ fundamentally from traditional software: their behavior is not fixed at deployment but continuously shaped…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Shaunak Biswas , Hiya Bhatt , Karthik Vaidhyanathan