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Based on recent work by Gripon and Berrou, we introduce a new model of an associative memory. We show that this model has an efficiency bounded away from 0 and is therefore significantly more effective than the well known Hopfield model. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-11-06 Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Franck Vermet

Sequence memory is an essential attribute of natural and artificial intelligence that enables agents to encode, store, and retrieve complex sequences of stimuli and actions. Computational models of sequence memory have been proposed where…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Hamza Tahir Chaudhry , Jacob A. Zavatone-Veth , Dmitry Krotov , Cengiz Pehlevan

Many real-world complex systems are characterized by interactions in groups that change in time. Current temporal network approaches, however, are unable to describe group dynamics, as they are based on pairwise interactions only. Here, we…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-03-17 Luca Gallo , Lucas Lacasa , Vito Latora , Federico Battiston

The Hopfield recurrent neural network is a classical auto-associative model of memory, in which collections of symmetrically-coupled McCulloch-Pitts neurons interact to perform emergent computation. Although previous researchers have…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-06-09 Christopher Hillar , Ngoc M. Tran

We analyze the storage capacity of the Hopfield models on classes of random graphs. While such a setup has been analyzed for the case that the underlying random graph model is an Erd\"{o}s-Renyi graph, other architectures, including those…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-07-29 Matthias Löwe , Franck Vermet

The storage capacity of the Hopfield model is about 15% of the network size. It can be increased significantly in the Potts-glass model of the associative memory only. In this model neurons can be in more than two different states. We show…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 B. V. Kryzhanovsky , L. B. Litinskii , A. L. Mikaelyan

High-order extensions of the Hopfield model are known to exhibit dramatically enhanced storage capacity at equilibrium, while their dynamical retrieval properties remain less well understood. In our previous work, we carried out a dynamical…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-06 Yuto Sumikawa , Yoshiyuki Kabashima

The Dense Associative Memory generalizes the Hopfield network by allowing for sharper interaction functions. This increases the capacity of the network as an autoassociative memory as nearby learned attractors will not interfere with one…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Hayden McAlister , Anthony Robins , Lech Szymanski

We study various models of associative memories with sparse information, i.e. a pattern to be stored is a random string of $0$s and $1$s with about $\log N$ $1$s, only. We compare different synaptic weights, architectures and retrieval…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-27 Vincent Gripon , Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Franck Vermet

Storing memory for molecular recognition is an efficient strategy for responding to external stimuli. Biological processes use different strategies to store memory. In the olfactory cortex, synaptic connections form when stimulated by an…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-06-07 Oskar H Schnaack , Luca Peliti , Armita Nourmohammad

Associative memory architectures such as the Hopfield network have long been important conceptual and theoretical models for neuroscience and artificial intelligence. However, translating these abstract models into spiking neural networks…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-02 William F. Podlaski , Christian K. Machens

Understanding the memory capacity of neural networks remains a challenging problem in implementing artificial intelligence systems. In this paper, we address the notion of capacity with respect to Hopfield networks and propose a dynamic…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-19 Saarthak Sarup , Mingoo Seok

We present a nonparametric interpretation for deep learning compatible modern Hopfield models and utilize this new perspective to debut efficient variants. Our key contribution stems from interpreting the memory storage and retrieval…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Bo-Yu Chen , Dennis Wu , Feng Ruan , Han Liu

Introduction. Neural network models of autoassociative, distributed memory allow storage and retrieval of many items (vectors) where the number of stored items can exceed the vector dimension (the number of neurons in the network). This…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-09-05 V. I. Gritsenko , D. A. Rachkovskij , A. A. Frolov , R. Gayler , D. Kleyko , E. Osipov

Increasing the size of a Transformer does not always lead to enhanced performance. This phenomenon cannot be explained by the empirical scaling laws. Furthermore, the model's enhanced performance is closely associated with its memorization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xueyan Niu , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

Associative memories are structures that store data in such a way that it can later be retrieved given only a part of its content -- a sort-of error/erasure-resilience property. They are used in applications ranging from caches and memory…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-23 Vincent Gripon , Michael Rabbat

In this work we introduce a multi-species generalization of the Hopfield model for associative memory, where neurons are divided into groups and both inter-groups and intra-groups pair-wise interactions are considered, with different…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2018-07-11 Elena Agliari , Danila Migliozzi , Daniele Tantari

Attractor neural networks (ANNs) are one of the leading theoretical frameworks for the formation and retrieval of memories in networks of biological neurons. In this framework, a pattern imposed by external inputs to the network is said to…

Biological Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Yu Feng , Nicolas Brunel

We propose Sparse Neural Network architectures that are based on random or structured bipartite graph topologies. Sparse architectures provide compression of the models learned and speed-ups of computations, they can also surpass their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Alfred Bourely , John Patrick Boueri , Krzysztof Choromonski

In this paper we study, via equilibrium statistical mechanics, the properties of the internal energy of an Hopfield neural network whose patterns are stored continuously (Gaussian distributed). The model is shown to be equivalent to a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-17 Adriano Barra , Francesco Guerra