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Auditory large language models (ALLMs) have demonstrated strong general capabilities in audio understanding and reasoning tasks. However, their reliability is still undermined by hallucination issues. Existing hallucination evaluation…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Qixuan Huang , Khalid Zaman , Masashi Unoki

We propose a test-time defense mechanism against adversarial attacks: imperceptible image perturbations that significantly alter the predictions of a model. Unlike existing methods that rely on feature filtering or smoothing, which can lead…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Dong Lao , Yuxiang Zhang , Haniyeh Ehsani Oskouie , Yangchao Wu , Alex Wong , Stefano Soatto

Extensive studies have demonstrated that deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Despite the significant progress in the attack success rate that has been made recently, the adversarial noise generated by most of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Renyang Liu , Jinhong Zhang , Haoran Li , Jin Zhang , Yuanyu Wang , Wei Zhou

As adversarial attacks against machine learning models have raised increasing concerns, many denoising-based defense approaches have been proposed. In this paper, we summarize and analyze the defense strategies in the form of symmetric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Zhonghan Niu , Zhaoxi Chen , Linyi Li , Yubin Yang , Bo Li , Jinfeng Yi

Gradient-based adversarial attacks on deep neural networks pose a serious threat, since they can be deployed by adding imperceptible perturbations to the test data of any network, and the risk they introduce cannot be assessed through the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Rehana Mahfuz , Rajeev Sahay , Aly El Gamal

In practice, deep neural networks have been found to be vulnerable to various types of noise, such as adversarial examples and corruption. Various adversarial defense methods have accordingly been developed to improve adversarial robustness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-24 Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu , Chongzhi Zhang , Hang Yu , Qiang Liu , Dacheng Tao

Attacks on deep learning models are often difficult to identify and therefore are difficult to protect against. This problem is exacerbated by the use of public datasets that typically are not manually inspected before use. In this paper,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Abigail Swenor , Jugal Kalita

Recent works have shown that deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples that find samples close to the original image but can make the model misclassify. Even with access only to the model's output, an attacker can employ…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Quang H. Nguyen , Yingjie Lao , Tung Pham , Kok-Seng Wong , Khoa D. Doan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across various tasks, yet they remain vulnerable to adversarial manipulations such as jailbreaking via prompt injection attacks. These attacks bypass safety mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Xin Wei Chia , Swee Liang Wong , Jonathan Pan

Contemporary Language Models (LMs), while impressively fluent, often generate content that is factually incorrect or unfaithful to the input context - a critical issue commonly referred to as 'hallucination'. This tendency of LMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Anwoy Chatterjee , Yash Goel , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) exhibit strong multimodal capabilities but remain vulnerable to hallucinations from intrinsic errors and adversarial attacks from external exploitations, limiting their reliability in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Chung-En Johnny Yu , Brian Jalaian , Nathaniel D. Bastian

Hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) -- generations that are plausible but factually unfaithful -- remain a critical barrier to high-stakes deployment. Current detection methods typically rely on computationally expensive external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Manish Bhatt

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which can fool them by adding minuscule perturbations to the input images. The robustness of existing defenses suffers greatly under white-box attack settings, where an adversary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Aamir Mustafa , Salman Khan , Munawar Hayat , Roland Goecke , Jianbing Shen , Ling Shao

Traditional white-box methods for creating adversarial perturbations against LLMs typically rely only on gradient computation from the targeted model, ignoring the internal mechanisms responsible for attack success or failure. Conversely,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Thomas Winninger , Boussad Addad , Katarzyna Kapusta

The rapidly developing Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have shown notable capabilities on a range of multi-modal tasks, but still face the hallucination phenomena where the generated texts do not align with the given contexts,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Wenyi Xiao , Ziwei Huang , Leilei Gan , Wanggui He , Haoyuan Li , Zhelun Yu , Fangxun Shu , Hao Jiang , Linchao Zhu

Robustness of huge Transformer-based models for natural language processing is an important issue due to their capabilities and wide adoption. One way to understand and improve robustness of these models is an exploration of an adversarial…

As Large Language Models make a breakthrough in natural language processing tasks (NLP), multimodal technique becomes extremely popular. However, it has been shown that multimodal NLP are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, where the outputs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Hao Wang , Jinzhe Jiang , Xin Zhang , Chen Li

Adversarial attacks have long been developed for revealing the vulnerability of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) by adding imperceptible perturbations to the input. Most methods generate perturbations like normal noise, which is not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Zhixing Ye , Sizhe Chen , Peidong Zhang , Chengjin Sun , Xiaolin Huang

Large Vision-Language Models have demonstrated exceptional performance in multimodal reasoning and complex scene understanding. However, these models still face significant hallucination issues, where outputs contradict visual facts. Recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Wei Suo , Hanzu Zhang , Lijun Zhang , Ji Ma , Peng Wang , Yanning Zhang

Recently, many studies have demonstrated deep neural network (DNN) classifiers can be fooled by the adversarial example, which is crafted via introducing some perturbations into an original sample. Accordingly, some powerful defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-10 Bin Liang , Hongcheng Li , Miaoqiang Su , Xirong Li , Wenchang Shi , Xiaofeng Wang