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Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) have achieved strong performance across a range of vision and language tasks. However, their spatial reasoning capabilities are under-investigated. In this paper, we construct a novel VQA dataset, Spatial-MM,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Fatemeh Shiri , Xiao-Yu Guo , Mona Golestan Far , Xin Yu , Gholamreza Haffari , Yuan-Fang Li

Spatial cognition is fundamental to real-world multimodal intelligence, allowing models to effectively interact with the physical environment. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have made significant strides, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Peiran Xu , Sudong Wang , Yao Zhu , Jianing Li , Gege Qi , Yunjian Zhang

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) has demonstrated capabilities across various domains, but comprehensive benchmarks for agricultural remote sensing (RS) remain scarce. Existing benchmarks designed for agricultural RS scenarios exhibit notable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Qingmei Li , Yang Zhang , Zurong Mai , Yuhang Chen , Shuohong Lou , Henglian Huang , Jiarui Zhang , Zhiwei Zhang , Yibin Wen , Weijia Li , Haohuan Fu , Jianxi Huang , Juepeng Zheng

Three-dimensional geospatial analysis is critical for applications in urban planning, climate adaptation, and environmental assessment. However, current methodologies depend on costly, specialized sensors, such as LiDAR and multispectral…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Mai Tsujimoto , Junjue Wang , Weihao Xuan , Naoto Yokoya

We introduce a new benchmark designed to advance the development of general-purpose, large-scale vision-language models for remote sensing images. Although several vision-language datasets in remote sensing have been proposed to pursue this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Xiang Li , Jian Ding , Mohamed Elhoseiny

Recent advances in MLLMs are reframing segmentation from fixed-category prediction to instruction-grounded localization. While reasoning based segmentation has progressed rapidly in natural scenes, remote sensing lacks a generalizable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lifan Jiang , Yuhang Pei , oxi Wu , Yan Zhao , Tianrun Wu , Shulong Yu , Lihui Zhang , Deng Cai

While Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have exhibited remarkable general intelligence across diverse domains, their potential in low-altitude applications dominated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) remains largely underexplored.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shiqi Dai , Zizhi Ma , Zhicong Luo , Xuesong Yang , Yibin Huang , Wanyue Zhang , Chi Chen , Zonghao Guo , Wang Xu , Yufei Sun , Maosong Sun

Modern astronomical observatories generate a massive volume of multimodal data, creating a critical bottleneck for expert human review. While multimodal large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in interpreting complex visual and…

Geometric spatial reasoning forms the foundation of many applications in artificial intelligence, yet the ability of large language models (LLMs) to operate over geometric spatial information expressed in procedural code remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Shixian Luo , Zezhou Zhu , Yu Yuan , Yuncheng Yang , Lianlei Shan , Yong Wu

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have undergone rapid development in advancing geospatial scene understanding. Recent studies have sought to enhance the reasoning capabilities of remote sensing MLLMs, typically through cold-start…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Di Wang , Shunyu Liu , Wentao Jiang , Fengxiang Wang , Yi Liu , Xiaolei Qin , Zhiming Luo , Chaoyang Zhou , Haonan Guo , Jing Zhang , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao , Liangpei Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to integrate visual and linguistic information, achieving near-human proficiency in tasks like object recognition, captioning, and visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Zhikai Wang , Jiashuo Sun , Wenqi Zhang , Zhiqiang Hu , Xin Li , Fan Wang , Deli Zhao

The "thinking-with-images" paradigm enables multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to actively explore visual scenes via zoom-in tools. This is essential for ultra-high-resolution (UHR) remote sensing VQA, where task-relevant cues are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Fengxiang Wang , Mingshuo Chen , Yueying Li , Yajie Yang , Yifan Zhang , Long Lan , Xue Yang , Hongda Sun , Yulin Wang , Di Wang , Jun Song , Jing Zhang , Bo Du

Large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, however their knowledge and abilities in the cross-view geo-localization and pose estimation domains remain unexplored, despite potential…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yushuo Zheng , Jiangyong Ying , Huiyu Duan , Chunyi Li , Zicheng Zhang , Jing Liu , Xiaohong Liu , Guangtao Zhai

Recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) have enhanced the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), yet the impact on multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) is limited. Particularly in vision-intensive tasks like geometric reasoning,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Guizhen Chen , Weiwen Xu , Hao Zhang , Hou Pong Chan , Deli Zhao , Anh Tuan Luu , Yu Rong

A robust Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) for Earth Observation should maintain consistent interpretation and reasoning under realistic input variations. However, current Remote Sensing MLLMs fail to meet this requirement. Trained on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rui Min , Liang Yao , Shiyu Miao , Shengxiang Xu , Yuxuan Liu , Chuanyi Zhang , Shimin Di , Fan Liu

Understanding perspective is fundamental to human visual perception, yet the extent to which multimodal large language models (MLLMs) internalize perspective geometry remains unclear. We introduce MMPerspective, the first benchmark…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yolo Y. Tang , Pinxin Liu , Zhangyun Tan , Mingqian Feng , Rui Mao , Chao Huang , Jing Bi , Yunzhong Xiao , Susan Liang , Hang Hua , Ali Vosoughi , Luchuan Song , Zeliang Zhang , Chenliang Xu

Multimodal large laboratory models (MLLMs) still struggle with spatial understanding under the dominant perspective-image paradigm, which inherits the narrow field of view of human-like perception. For navigation, robotic search, and 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Changpeng Wang , Xin Lin , Junhan Liu , Yuheng Liu , Zhen Wang , Donglian Qi , Yunfeng Yan , Xi Chen

Remote sensing lithology interpretation is fundamental to geological surveys, mineral exploration, and regional geological mapping. Unlike general land-cover recognition, lithology interpretation is a knowledge-intensive task that requires…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jun Wang , Fengpeng Li , Hang Dong , Tianjin Huang , Wei Han

Visual grounding, localizing objects from natural language descriptions, represents a critical bridge between language and vision understanding. While multimodal large language models (MLLMs) achieve impressive scores on existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Rang Li , Lei Li , Shuhuai Ren , Hao Tian , Shuhao Gu , Shicheng Li , Zihao Yue , Yudong Wang , Wenhan Ma , Zhe Yang , Jingyuan Ma , Zhifang Sui , Fuli Luo

Humans possess spatial reasoning abilities that enable them to understand spaces through multimodal observations, such as vision and sound. Large multimodal reasoning models extend these abilities by learning to perceive and reason, showing…