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The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) has generated growing interest in understanding their environmental impact and the challenges associated with designing environmentally friendly ML-enabled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Heli Järvenpää , Patricia Lago , Justus Bogner , Grace Lewis , Henry Muccini , Ipek Ozkaya

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems impose substantial and growing environmental costs, yet transparency about these impacts has declined even as their deployment has accelerated. This paper makes three contributions. First, we collate…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Kai Ebert , Boris Gamazaychikov , Philipp Hacker , Sasha Luccioni

The immense technological progress in artificial intelligence research and applications is increasingly drawing attention to the environmental sustainability of such systems, a field that has been termed Green AI. With this contribution we…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Christian Clemm , Lutz Stobbe , Kishan Wimalawarne , Jan Druschke

Context: The increasing adoption of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies raises growing concerns about their environmental sustainability. Developing and deploying ML-enabled systems is computationally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

With the rise of service computing, cloud computing, and IoT, service ecosystems are becoming increasingly complex. The intricate interactions among intelligent agents make abnormal emergence analysis challenging, as traditional causal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yifan Shen , Zihan Zhao , Xiao Xue , Yuwei Guo , Qun Ma , Deyu Zhou , Ming Zhang

LLM based chatbots have become central interfaces in technical, educational, and analytical domains, supporting tasks such as code reasoning, problem solving, and information exploration. As these systems scale, sustainability concerns have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ronnie de Souza Santos , Cleyton Magalhães , Italo Santos

The sustainability of Machine Learning-Enabled Systems (MLS), particularly with regard to energy efficiency, is an important challenge in their development and deployment. Self-adaptation techniques, recognized for their potential in energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Meghana Tedla , Shubham Kulkarni , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

Digital systems have become simultaneously more powerful and more wasteful. Features accumulate that nobody uses. Data is collected that nobody analyzes. AI is deployed at significant energy and water costs for gains that a simpler approach…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Trisha Solanki

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional performance across diverse tasks but come with substantial energy and computational costs, particularly in request-heavy scenarios. In many real-world applications, the full scale and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Patrick Wilhelm , Thorsten Wittkopp , Odej Kao

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with remarkable capabilities in complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought reasoning, practical resource constraints have sparked interest in transferring these abilities to smaller models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jin Cui , Jiaqi Guo , Jiepeng Zhou , Ruixuan Yang , Jiayi Lu , Jiajun Xu , Jiangcheng Song , Boran Zhao , Pengju Ren

Rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) in the last decade have largely been built upon the wide applications of deep learning (DL). However, the high carbon footprint yielded by larger and larger DL networks becomes a concern for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 C. -C. Jay Kuo , Azad M. Madni

Sustainability encompasses three key facets: economic, environmental, and social. However, the nascent discourse that is emerging on sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) has predominantly focused on the environmental sustainability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Pedram Bakhtiarifard , Pınar Tözün , Christian Igel , Raghavendra Selvan

The generative artificial intelligence (AI) ecosystem is undergoing rapid transformations that threaten its sustainability. As models transition from research prototypes to high-traffic products, the energetic burden has shifted from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Margarita Belova , Yuval Kansal , Yihao Liang , Jiaxin Xiao , Niraj K. Jha

Parallel to the rising debates over sustainable energy and artificial intelligence solutions, the world is currently discussing the ethics of artificial intelligence and its possible negative effects on society and the environment. In these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Tahereh Saheb , Mohammad Dehghani

Modern e-commerce search is evolving to resolve complex user intents. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer strong reasoning, existing LLM-based paradigms face a fundamental blindness-latency dilemma: query rewriting is agnostic to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Mengxiang Chen , Zhouwei Zhai , Jin Li

We introduce DeepResearch$^{\text{Eco}}$, a novel agentic LLM-based system for automated scientific synthesis that supports recursive, depth- and breadth-controlled exploration of original research questions -- enhancing search diversity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Jennifer D'Souza , Endres Keno Sander , Andrei Aioanei

The paradigm of large language model (LLM) reasoning is shifting from parameter scaling to test-time compute scaling, yet many existing approaches still rely on uniform brute-force sampling (for example, fixed best-of-N or self-consistency)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Siyuan Ma , Bo Gao , Xiaojun Jia , Simeng Qin , Tianlin Li , Ke Ma , Xiaoshuang Jia , Wenqi Ren , Yang Liu

The growing demand for intelligent applications beyond the network edge, coupled with the need for sustainable operation, are driving the seamless integration of deep learning (DL) algorithms into energy-limited, and even energy-harvesting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Marcello Bullo , Seifallah Jardak , Pietro Carnelli , Deniz Gündüz

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed AI research thanks to their powerful internal capabilities and knowledge. However, existing LLMs still fail to effectively incorporate the massive external knowledge when interacting with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Tao Feng , Pengrui Han , Guanyu Lin , Ge Liu , Jiaxuan You

The size and complexity of deep neural networks continue to grow exponentially, significantly increasing energy consumption for training and inference by these models. We introduce an open-source package eco2AI to help data scientists and…