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Effective information seeking in multi-turn medical dialogues is critical for accurate diagnosis, especially when dealing with incomplete information. Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) for these interactive scenarios is challenging due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Ruike Cao , Shaojie Bai , Fugen Yao , Liang Dong , Jian Xu , Li Xiao

Recent advances in reinforcement learning, such as Dynamic Sampling Policy Optimization (DAPO), show strong performance when paired with large language models (LLMs). Motivated by this success, we ask whether similar gains can be realized…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ruijian Zha , Bojun Liu

The remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) highly relies on crafted prompts. However, manual prompt engineering is a laborious process, creating a core bottleneck for practical application of LLMs. This phenomenon has led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Qing Zhang , Bing Xu , Xudong Zhang , Yifan Shi , Yang Li , Chen Zhang , Yik Chung Wu , Ngai Wong , Yijie Chen , Hong Dai , Xiansen Chen , Mian Zhang

Masked diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are emerging as promising alternatives to autoregressive LLMs, offering competitive performance while supporting unique generation capabilities such as inpainting. We explore how inpainting can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Siyan Zhao , Mengchen Liu , Jing Huang , Miao Liu , Chenyu Wang , Bo Liu , Yuandong Tian , Guan Pang , Sean Bell , Aditya Grover , Feiyu Chen

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved, approaching Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) while benefiting from large-scale reinforcement learning to enhance Human Alignment (HA) and Reasoning. Recent reward-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Xuerui Su , Shufang Xie , Guoqing Liu , Yingce Xia , Renqian Luo , Peiran Jin , Zhiming Ma , Yue Wang , Zun Wang , Yuting Liu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven effective in strengthening the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). A widely adopted method, Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), has shown strong empirical results in training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Peter Chen , Xiaopeng Li , Ziniu Li , Xi Chen , Tianyi Lin

Traditional language model alignment methods, such as Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), are limited by their dependence on static, pre-collected paired preference data, which hampers their adaptability and practical applicability. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Yueqin Yin , Zhendong Wang , Yujia Xie , Weizhu Chen , Mingyuan Zhou

The VAPO framework has demonstrated significant empirical success in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of reinforcement learning for long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning tasks with large language models (LLMs). By systematically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jintian Shao , Yiming Cheng , Hongyi Huang , Beiwen Zhang , Zhiyu Wu , You Shan , Mingkai Zheng

In an era where tool-augmented AI agents are becoming increasingly vital, our findings highlight the ability of Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) to empower SLMs, which are traditionally constrained in tool use. The ability to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Dhruvi Paprunia , Vansh Kharidia , Pankti Doshi

Collaborative multi-agent large language models (LLMs) can solve complex reasoning tasks by decomposing roles, but reinforcement learning for such systems is limited by credit assignment: shared terminal rewards obscure individual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhongyi Li , Wan Tian , Yikun Ban , Jinju Chen , Huiming Zhang , Yang Liu , Fuzhen Zhuang

This paper proposes a GRPO-based approach to enhance the performance of large language model (LLM)-based text-to-speech (TTS) models by deriving rewards from an off-the-shelf automatic speech recognition (ASR) model. Compared to previous…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Chang Liu , Ya-Jun Hu , Ying-Ying Gao , Shi-Lei Zhang , Zhen-Hua Ling

Reinforcement learning in large language models (LLMs) often relies on scalar rewards, a practice that discards valuable textual rationale buried in the rollouts, forcing the model to explore \textit{de novo} with each attempt and hindering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ang Li , Yifei Wang , Zhihang Yuan , Stefanie Jegelka , Yisen Wang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) built on Large Language Models (LLMs) are being used to approach complex problems and can surpass single model inference. However, their success hinges on navigating a fundamental cognitive tension: the need to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Wei Yang , Jiacheng Pang , Shixuan Li , Paul Bogdan , Stephen Tu , Jesse Thomason

Reinforcement learning (RL) has recently become the core paradigm for aligning and strengthening large language models (LLMs). Yet, applying RL in off-policy settings--where stale data from past policies are used for training--improves…

Learning control policies for complex, long-horizon tasks is a central challenge in robotics and autonomous systems. Signal Temporal Logic (STL) offers a powerful and expressive language for specifying such tasks, but its non-Markovian…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yue Meng , Fei Chen , Chuchu Fan

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) enhances LLM reasoning but often induces overconfidence, where incorrect responses yield lower perplexity than correct ones, degrading relative calibration as described by the Area Under the Curve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Ziqi Wang , Xingzhou Lou , Meiqi Wu , Zhengqi Wen , Junge Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-turn conversations often suffer from a ``lost-in-conversation'' phenomenon, where they struggle to recover from early incorrect assumptions, particularly when users provide ambiguous initial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Zhebo Wang , Xiaohu Mu , Zijie Zhou , Mohan Li , Wenpeng Xing , Dezhang Kong , Meng Han

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become an effective paradigm for improving reasoning language models on tasks such as mathematics, coding, and scientific question answering. However, widely used group-relative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Redacted by arXiv

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is a powerful paradigm for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) to human preferences in Machine Translation (MT), but current methods are hindered by two fundamental challenges: (1) flawed reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Hao Wang , Linlong Xu , Heng Liu , Yangyang Liu , Xiaohu Zhao , Bo Zeng , Liangying Shao , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo , Kaifu Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) used for multiple-choice and pairwise evaluation tasks often exhibit selection bias due to non-semantic factors like option positions and label symbols. Existing inference-time debiasing is costly and may harm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jinquan Zheng , Jia Yuan , Jiacheng Yao , Chenyang Gu , Pujun Zheng , Guoxiu He