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The Traveling Salesman Problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem widely studied in operations research. Despite its simple formulation, it remains computationally challenging due to the exponential growth of the search…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Alessia Ciacco , Luigi Di Puglia Pugliese , Francesca Guerriero

This study presents a novel approach to addressing offline reinforcement learning (RL) problems by reframing them as regression tasks that can be effectively solved using Decision Trees. Mainly, we introduce two distinct frameworks:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Prajwal Koirala , Cody Fleming

Routing Problems are central to many real-world applications, yet remain challenging due to their (NP-)hard nature. Amongst existing approaches, heuristics often offer the best trade-off between quality and scalability, making them suitable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Felix Chalumeau , Refiloe Shabe , Noah De Nicola , Arnu Pretorius , Thomas D. Barrett , Nathan Grinsztajn

End-to-end learning robotic manipulation with high data efficiency is one of the key challenges in robotics. The latest methods that utilize human demonstration data and unsupervised representation learning has proven to be a promising…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Jin Li , Xianyuan Zhan , Zixu Xiao , Guyue Zhou

Current methods for end-to-end constructive neural combinatorial optimization usually train a policy using behavior cloning from expert solutions or policy gradient methods from reinforcement learning. While behavior cloning is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jonathan Pirnay , Dominik G. Grimm

The traveling purchaser problem (TPP) is an important combinatorial optimization problem with broad applications. Due to the coupling between routing and purchasing, existing works on TPPs commonly address route construction and purchase…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-07-03 Haofeng Yuan , Rongping Zhu , Wanlu Yang , Shiji Song , Keyou You , Wei Fan , C. L. Philip Chen

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is crucial for real-world applications where exploration can be costly or unsafe. However, offline learned policies are often suboptimal, and further online fine-tuning is required. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Hao Hu , Yiqin Yang , Jianing Ye , Chengjie Wu , Ziqing Mai , Yujing Hu , Tangjie Lv , Changjie Fan , Qianchuan Zhao , Chongjie Zhang

We introduce a combinatorial optimization-enriched machine learning pipeline and a novel learning paradigm to solve inventory routing problems with stochastic demand and dynamic inventory updates. After each inventory update, our approach…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-08 Toni Greif , Louis Bouvier , Christoph M. Flath , Axel Parmentier , Sonja U. K. Rohmer , Thibaut Vidal

Offline reinforcement learning enables agents to leverage large pre-collected datasets of environment transitions to learn control policies, circumventing the need for potentially expensive or unsafe online data collection. Significant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Cong Lu , Philip J. Ball , Jack Parker-Holder , Michael A. Osborne , Stephen J. Roberts

Reinforcement learning (RL) is typically concerned with estimating stationary policies or single-step models, leveraging the Markov property to factorize problems in time. However, we can also view RL as a generic sequence modeling problem,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Michael Janner , Qiyang Li , Sergey Levine

The multi-path Traveling Salesman Problem with stochastic travel costs arises in hybrid vehicle routing applications designed for Smart City and City Logistics, where multiple paths exist between each pair of locations. Travel times along…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Xiaochen Chou , Ludovica Di Marco , Enza Messina

Recent works using deep learning to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) have focused on learning construction heuristics. Such approaches find TSP solutions of good quality but require additional procedures such as beam search and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Paulo R. de O. da Costa , Jason Rhuggenaath , Yingqian Zhang , Alp Akcay

We study the problem of representation transfer in offline Reinforcement Learning (RL), where a learner has access to episodic data from a number of source tasks collected a priori, and aims to learn a shared representation to be used in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Avinandan Bose , Simon Shaolei Du , Maryam Fazel

We explore the impact of learning paradigms on training deep neural networks for the Travelling Salesman Problem. We design controlled experiments to train supervised learning (SL) and reinforcement learning (RL) models on fixed graph sizes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Chaitanya K. Joshi , Thomas Laurent , Xavier Bresson

Understanding customer movement within retail spaces is essential for optimizing store layouts. Real-world trajectory data can provide highly accurate insights, but collecting it is costly and often infeasible for many retailers. Heuristics…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ken Ming Lee , Paul Barde , Maxime C. Cohen , Derek Nowrouzezahrai

Conventional reinforcement learning (RL) needs an environment to collect fresh data, which is impractical when online interactions are costly. Offline RL provides an alternative solution by directly learning from the previously collected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Han Zheng , Xufang Luo , Pengfei Wei , Xuan Song , Dongsheng Li , Jing Jiang

In this paper, we evaluate the use of Reinforcement Learning (RL) to solve a classic combinatorial optimization problem: the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). We formalize this problem in the RL framework and compare two of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-17 Leo Ardon

Several recent works have proposed a class of algorithms for the offline reinforcement learning (RL) problem that we will refer to as return-conditioned supervised learning (RCSL). RCSL algorithms learn the distribution of actions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 David Brandfonbrener , Alberto Bietti , Jacob Buckman , Romain Laroche , Joan Bruna

Since the 1990s, considerable empirical work has been carried out to train statistical models, such as neural networks (NNs), as learned heuristics for combinatorial optimization (CO) problems. When successful, such an approach eliminates…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Orit Davidovich , Shimrit Shtern , Segev Wasserkrug , Nimrod Megiddo

We study the online traveling repairperson problem on a line within the recently proposed learning-augmented framework, which provides predictions on the requests to be served via machine learning. In the original model (with no…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Swapnil Guragain , Gokarna Sharma