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We present a novel evaluation paradigm for AI text detectors that prioritizes real-world and equitable assessment. Current approaches predominantly report conventional metrics like AUROC, overlooking that even modest false positive rates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Navid Ayoobi , Sadat Shahriar , Arjun Mukherjee

Widely applied large language models (LLMs) can generate human-like content, raising concerns about the abuse of LLMs. Therefore, it is important to build strong AI-generated text (AIGT) detectors. Current works only consider document-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Pengyu Wang , Linyang Li , Ke Ren , Botian Jiang , Dong Zhang , Xipeng Qiu

While large language models (LLMs) are extensively used, there are raising concerns regarding privacy, security, and copyright due to their opaque training data, which brings the problem of detecting pre-training data on the table. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Anqi Zhang , Chaofeng Wu

The remarkable capabilities and easy accessibility of large language models (LLMs) have significantly increased societal risks (e.g., fake news generation), necessitating the development of LLM-generated text (LGT) detection methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Hyunseok Lee , Jihoon Tack , Jinwoo Shin

Large language models (LLMs) have shown the capability to generate fluent and logical content, presenting significant challenges to machine-generated text detection, particularly text polished by adversarial perturbations such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Alva West , Luodan Zhang , Liuliu Zhang , Minjun Zhu , Yixuan Weng , Yue Zhang

AI-generated text is nowadays produced at scale across domains and heterogeneous generation pipelines, making robustness to distribution shift a central requirement for supervised binary detectors. We train transformer-based detectors on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mohamed Mady , Johannes Reschke , Björn Schuller

The rapid advancement in large language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced their ability to generate coherent and contextually relevant text, raising concerns about the misuse of AI-generated content and making it critical to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Pablo Miralles-González , Javier Huertas-Tato , Alejandro Martín , David Camacho

To combat the potential misuse of Natural Language Generation (NLG) technology, a variety of algorithms have been developed for the detection of AI-generated texts. Traditionally, this task is treated as a binary classification problem.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Yi-Fan Zhang , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Tieniu Tan , Rong Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced to a point that even humans have difficulty discerning whether a text was generated by another human, or by a computer. However, knowing whether a text was produced by human or artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Kathleen C. Fraser , Hillary Dawkins , Svetlana Kiritchenko

The proliferation of large language models has raised growing concerns about their misuse, particularly in cases where AI-generated text is falsely attributed to human authors. Machine-generated content detectors claim to effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Brian Tufts , Xuandong Zhao , Lei Li

Recent improvements in the quality of the generations by large language models have spurred research into identifying machine-generated text. Such work often presents high-performing detectors. However, humans and machines can produce text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Jad Doughman , Osama Mohammed Afzal , Hawau Olamide Toyin , Shady Shehata , Preslav Nakov , Zeerak Talat

AI text detectors amplify a pretrained typicality axis; they do not construct an AI-vs-human boundary. On raw encoders before any task supervision, projecting onto centroid(AI)-centroid(HC3) achieves NYT-vs-HC3 AUROC 0.806/0.944/0.834…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Alexander Smirnov

The powerful ability to understand, follow, and generate complex language emerging from large language models (LLMs) makes LLM-generated text flood many areas of our daily lives at an incredible speed and is widely accepted by humans. As…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Junchao Wu , Shu Yang , Runzhe Zhan , Yulin Yuan , Derek F. Wong , Lidia S. Chao

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in scientific writing raises serious concerns regarding authorship integrity and the reliability of scholarly publications. Existing detection approaches mainly rely on document-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Zhen Yin , Shenghua Wang

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Claude has significantly increased the presence of AI-generated text in digital communication. This trend has heightened the need for reliable detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Cong Zeng , Shengkun Tang , Yuanzhou Chen , Zhiqiang Shen , Wenchao Yu , Xujiang Zhao , Haifeng Chen , Wei Cheng , Zhiqiang Xu

ChatGPT and other general large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, but they have also raised concerns about the misuse of AI-generated texts. Existing AI-generated text detection models, such as based on BERT and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Rongsheng Wang , Haoming Chen , Ruizhe Zhou , Han Ma , Yaofei Duan , Yanlan Kang , Songhua Yang , Baoyu Fan , Tao Tan

The burgeoning progress in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) heralds significant benefits due to their unparalleled capacities. However, it is critical to acknowledge the potential misuse of these models, which could give rise to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Haolan Zhan , Xuanli He , Qiongkai Xu , Yuxiang Wu , Pontus Stenetorp

Machine-generated texts (MGTs) pose risks such as disinformation and phishing, underscoring the need for reliable detection. Metric-based methods, which extract statistically distinguishable features of MGTs, are often more practical than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chenwang Wu , Yiuming Cheung , Bo Han , Shuhai Zhang , Defu Lian

In recent years, text generation tools utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) have occasionally been misused across various domains, such as generating student reports or creative writings. This issue prompts plagiarism detection services…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Ahmed K. Kadhim , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

In the age of powerful AI-generated text, automatic detectors have emerged to identify machine-written content. This poses a threat to author privacy and freedom, as text authored with AI assistance may be unfairly flagged. We propose…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Isaac David , Arthur Gervais