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We review advances in the modeling of protoplanetary disks. This review will focus on the regions of the disk beyond the dust sublimation radius, i.e. beyond 0.1 - 1 AU, depending on the stellar luminosity. We will be mostly concerned with…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 C. P. Dullemond , D. Hollenbach , I. Kamp , P. D'Alessio

The interest in the structure of ice-rich planetary bodies, in particular the differentiation between ice and rock, has grown due to the discovery of Kuiper belt objects and exoplanets. We thus carry out a parameter study for a range of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-30 Stephan Loveless , Dina Prialnik , Morris Podolak

Atmospheric chemical abundances of giant planets lead to important constraints on planetary formation and migration. Studies have shown that giant planets that migrate through the protoplanetary disk can accrete substantial amounts of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-06-28 Nikku Madhusudhan , Bertram Bitsch , Anders Johansen , Linn Eriksson

Understanding the anomalous radii of many transiting hot gas giant planets is a fundamental problem of planetary science. Recent detections of re-inflated warm Jupiters orbiting post-main-sequence stars and the re-inflation of hot Jupiters…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-03-15 Thaddeus D. Komacek , Daniel P. Thorngren , Eric D. Lopez , Sivan Ginzburg

The radii of hot Jupiters are still not fully understood and all of the proposed explanations are based on the idea that these close-in giant planets possess hot interiors. We approach the radius anomaly problem by adopting a statistical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-01-20 Paula Sarkis , Christoph Mordasini , Thomas Henning , Gabriel D. Marleau , Paul Mollière

Since the discovery of the first transiting hot Jupiters, models have sought to explain the anomalously large radii of highly irradiated gas giants. We now know that the size of hot Jupiter radius anomalies scales strongly with a planet's…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-17 Eric D. Lopez , Jonathan J. Fortney

Studying exoplanets with their parent stars is crucial to understand their population, formation and history. We review some of the key questions regarding their evolution with particular emphasis on giant gaseous exoplanets orbiting close…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-23 Tristan Guillot , Douglas N. C. Lin , Pierre Morel , Mathieu Havel , Vivien Parmentier

The strikingly low luminosity of Uranus (Teff ~ Teq) constitutes a long-standing challenge to our understanding of Ice Giant planets. Here we present the first Uranus structure and evolution models that are constructed to agree with both…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-05-03 N. Nettelmann , K. Wang , J. J. Fortney , S. Hamel , S. Yellamilli , M. Bethkenhagen , R. Redmer

Planets embedded in optically thick passive accretion disks are expected to produce perturbations in the density and temperature structure of the disk. We calculate the magnitudes of these perturbations for a range of planet masses and…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 H. Jang-Condell

The extremely close proximity of hot Jupiters to their parent stars has dramatically affected both their atmospheres and interiors, inflating them to up to twice the radius of Jupiter. The physical mechanism responsible for this inflation…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-24 Daniel P. Thorngren

The interiors of giant planets are commonly assumed to be convective and adiabatic, making the adiabatic temperature gradient a key ingredient in interior and evolution models. Multiple numerically distinct methods exist for computing this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-27 Simon Müller , Ravit Helled

Although warm jupiters are generally too far from their stars for tides to be important, the presence of an inner planetary companion to a warm jupiter can result in tidal evolution of the system. Insight into the process and its effects…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-01-29 Christa Van Laerhoven , Richard Greenberg

The occurrence rate of cold Jupiters was found to depend on stellar mass. The formation environment in the protoplanetary disks regulates core formation and the subsequent gas accretion. In this study, we simulate giant planet formation via…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-27 Sho Shibata , Ravit Helled

The study of exoplanet atmospheres showed large diversity compared to the planets in our solar system. Especially Jupiter type exoplanets orbiting their host star in close orbits, the so-called hot and ultra-hot Jupiters, have been studied…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-03 Engin Keles

We present new calculations of Rosseland and Planck gaseous mean opacities relevant to the atmospheres of giant planets and ultracool dwarfs. Such calculations are used in modeling the atmospheres, interiors, formation, and evolution of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-06-28 Richard S. Freedman , Jacob Lustig-Yaeger , Jonathan J. Fortney , Roxana E. Lupu , Mark S. Marley , Katharina Lodders

Next-generation space telescopes will observe the atmospheres of rocky planets orbiting nearby M-dwarfs. Understanding these observations will require well-developed theory in addition to numerical simulations. Here we present theoretical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-29 Daniel D. B. Koll , Dorian S. Abbot

Our current understanding of the physical conditions in the inner regions of protoplanetary discs is becoming increasingly challenged by the more detailed observational and theoretical explorations. Calculation of dust temperature is one of…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2011-12-05 Dejan Vinkovic

Observations of ultra-hot Jupiters offer an unprecedented opportunity to study the physics of some of the most extreme planetary atmospheres known. With exceedingly high amounts of irradiation blasting their upper atmospheres, ultra-hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-04 Stefan Pelletier , Daniel Kitzmann , Valentina Vaulato , Ana Rita Costa Silva , Michal Steiner , David Ehrenreich

The thermal structure of planetary atmospheres is an essential input for predicting and retrieving the distribution of gases and aerosols, as well as the bulk chemical abundances. In the case of Jupiter, the temperature at a reference level…

Tidal heating is often used to interpret "radius anomaly" of hot Jupiters (i.e. radii of a large fraction of hot Jupiters are in excess of 1.2 Jupiter radius which cannot be interpreted by the standard theory of planetary evolution). In…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-02-09 Qiang Hou , Xing Wei
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