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Web-browsing AI agents are increasingly deployed in enterprise settings under strict whitelists of approved domains, yet adversaries can still influence them by embedding hidden instructions in the HTML pages those domains serve. Existing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Chia-Pei , Chen , Kentaroh Toyoda , Anita Lai , Alex Leung

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

As AI agents automate critical workloads, they remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks. Current defenses rely on monitoring protocols that jointly evaluate an agent's Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and tool-use actions to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jafar Isbarov , Murat Kantarcioglu

The Internet is poised to host billions to trillions of autonomous AI agents that negotiate, delegate, and migrate in milliseconds and workloads that will strain DNS-centred identity and discovery. In this paper, we describe the NANDA index…

AI agents today have passwords but no permission slips. They execute tool calls (fund transfers, database queries, shell commands, sub-agent delegation) with no standard mechanism to enforce authorization before the action executes. Current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Uchi Uchibeke

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) aims to create a standard for how Large Language Models use tools. However, most current research focuses on selecting tools from an existing pool. A more fundamental, yet largely overlooked, problem is how…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Chaoqian Ouyang , Ling Yue , Shimin Di , Libin Zheng , Linan Yue , Shaowu Pan , Jian Yin , Min-Ling Zhang

The increasing autonomy of LLM agents in handling sensitive communications, accelerated by Model Context Protocol (MCP) and Agent-to-Agent (A2A) frameworks, creates urgent privacy challenges. While recent work reveals significant gaps…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shouju Wang , Fenglin Yu , Xirui Liu , Xiaoting Qin , Jue Zhang , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan

Advances in large language models have enabled agentic AI systems that can reason, plan, and interact with external tools to execute multi-step workflows, while public blockchains have evolved into a programmable substrate for value…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Saad Alqithami

Model Context Protocol (MCP) have quickly become the interface layer between LLM agents and external tools, yet they also introduce unsafe data flows that existing analyzers handle poorly. Vulnerabilities manifest in two directions:…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Haoyu Wang

The rise of AI agents introduces a fundamental shift in Visual Analytics (VA), in which agents act as a new user group. Current agentic approaches - based on computer vision and raw DOM access - fail to perform VA tasks accurately and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Tobias Stähle , Péter Ferenc Gyarmati , Thilo Spinner , Rita Sevastjanova , Dominik Moritz , Mennatallah El-Assady

Autonomous agents are moving beyond simple retrieval tasks to become economic actors that invoke APIs, sequence workflows, and make real-time decisions. As this shift accelerates, API providers need request-level monetization with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Mohd Safwan Uddin , Mohammed Mouzam , Mohammed Imran , Syed Badar Uddin Faizan

Agentic AI systems automate enterprise workflows but existing defenses--guardrails, semantic filters--are probabilistic and routinely bypassed. We introduce authenticated workflows, the first complete trust layer for enterprise agentic AI.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mohan Rajagopalan , Vinay Rao

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and sensor nodes increasingly support decentralized sensing and coordination in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT), yet most deployments rely on static trust once authentication is established,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Ali Akarma , Toqeer Ali Syed , Abdul Khadar Jilani , Salman Jan , Hammad Muneer , Muazzam A. Khan , Changli Yu

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers enable AI applications to connect to external systems in a plug-and-play manner, but their rapid proliferation also introduces severe security risks. Unlike mature software ecosystems with rigorous…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weibo Zhao , Jiahao Liu , Bonan Ruan , Shaofei Li , Zhenkai Liang

The vision of 6G communication demands autonomous and resilient networking in environments without fixed infrastructure. Yet most multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) approaches focus on isolated stages - exploration, relay formation,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Han Zeng , Haibo Wang , Luhao Fan , Bingcheng Zhu , Xiaohu You , Zaichen Zhang

Modern software infrastructure increasingly relies on LLM agents for development and maintenance, such as Claude Code and Gemini-cli. However, these AI agents differ fundamentally from traditional deterministic software, posing a…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yusheng Zheng , Yanpeng Hu , Tong Yu , Andi Quinn

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are sophisticated, targeted cyberattacks designed to gain unauthorized access to systems and remain undetected for extended periods. To evade detection, APT cyberattacks deceive defense layers with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Sidahmed Benabderrahmane , Ngoc Hoang , Petko Valtchev , James Cheney , Talal Rahwan

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has paved the way for the development of highly capable autonomous agents. However, existing multi-agent frameworks often struggle with integrating diverse capable third-party agents due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Weize Chen , Ziming You , Ran Li , Yitong Guan , Chen Qian , Chenyang Zhao , Cheng Yang , Ruobing Xie , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Recent work has embodied LLMs as agents, allowing them to access tools, perform actions, and interact with external content (e.g., emails or websites). However, external content introduces the risk of indirect prompt injection (IPI)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Qiusi Zhan , Zhixiang Liang , Zifan Ying , Daniel Kang

Digital identities are increasingly important for mediating not only digital but also physical service transactions. Managing such identities through centralized providers can cause both availability and privacy concerns: single points of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 René Mayrhofer , Michael Roland , Tobias Höller , Philipp Hofer , Mario Lins