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Consumption of magic states promotes the stabilizer model of computation to universal quantum computation. Here, we propose three different classical algorithms for simulating such universal quantum circuits, and characterize them by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 James R. Seddon , Bartosz Regula , Hakop Pashayan , Yingkai Ouyang , Earl T. Campbell

An $n$-qubit quantum circuit is said to be peaked if it has an output probability that is at least inverse-polynomially large as a function of $n$. We describe a classical algorithm with quasipolynomial runtime $n^{O(\log{n})}$ that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-18 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset , Yinchen Liu

Simulation of stabilizer circuits is a well-studied problem in quantum information processing, with a number of highly optimized algorithms available. Yet, we argue that further improvements can arise from the theoretical structure of…

Many applications of practical interest rely on time evolution of Hamiltonians that are given by a sum of Pauli operators. Quantum circuits for exact time evolution of single Pauli operators are well known, and can be extended trivially to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-16 Ewout van den Berg , Kristan Temme

The Gottesman-Knill theorem allows for the efficient simulation of stabilizer-based quantum error-correction circuits. Errors in these circuits are commonly modeled as depolarizing channels by using Monte Carlo methods to insert Pauli gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-27 Mauricio Gutiérrez , Lukas Svec , Alexander Vargo , Kenneth R. Brown

We introduce a new classical simulation algorithm based on non-signaling polytopes of multipartite Bell scenarios, capable of simulating universal measurement-based quantum computation with single-qubit Pauli measurements. In our model, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-01 Cihan Okay , Atak Talay Yucel , Selman Ipek

We introduce a novel tableau-based classical simulation method for quantum computation, formulated within the phase space framework of the extended stabilizer theory of closed non-contextual operators. This method enables the efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Selman Ipek , Atak Talay Yucel , Farzad Shahi , Cagdas Ozdemir , Cihan Okay

Various algorithms have been developed to simulate quantum circuits on classical hardware. Among the most prominent are approaches based on \emph{stabilizer decompositions} and \emph{tensor network contraction}. In this work, we present a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Julien Codsi , Tuomas Laakkonen

We introduce new parallel algorithms for efficiently simulating stabilizer (Clifford) circuits on GPUs, with a focus on data-parallel tableau evolution and scalable handling of projective measurements. Our approach reformulates key…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Muhammad Osama , Dimitrios Thanos , Alfons Laarman

We develop analytical and algorithmic techniques that enable efficient simulation of a broad class of noisy stabilizer circuits. We derive closed-form expressions of expectation values for tensor product of Paulis in circuits with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Paul Aigner , Jasmin Matti , Maria Flors Mor-Ruiz , Julius Wallnöfer , Wolfgang Dür

We propose several optimizations of the CliNR partial error correction scheme which implements Clifford circuits by consuming a resource state. Errors are corrected by measuring a sequence of Pauli operators that we refer to as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-27 Edwin Tham , Nicolas Delfosse

Quantum circuit simulation is paramount to the verification and optimization of quantum algorithms, and considerable research efforts have been made towards efficient simulators. While circuits often contain high-level gates such as oracles…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Adam Husted Kjelstrøm , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Jaco van de Pol

The design and optimization of realistic architectures for fault-tolerant quantum computation requires error models that are both reliable and amenable to large-scale classical simulation. Perhaps the simplest and most practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-17 Michael R. Geller , Zhongyuan Zhou

Random quantum circuits are commonly viewed as hard to simulate classically. In some regimes this has been formally conjectured, and there had been no evidence against the more general possibility that for circuits with uniformly random…

Stabilizer states along with Clifford manipulations (unitary transformations and measurements) thereof -- despite being efficiently simulable on a classical computer -- are an important tool in quantum information processing, with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Ashlesha Patil , Saikat Guha

Pauli-based computation (PBC) is driven by a sequence of adaptively chosen, non-destructive measurements of Pauli observables. Any quantum circuit written in terms of the Clifford+$T$ gate set and having $t$ $T$ gates can be compiled into a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-04 Filipa C. R. Peres , Ernesto F. Galvão

Quantum error-correcting codes can be used to protect qubits involved in quantum computation. This requires that logical operators acting on protected qubits be translated to physical operators (circuits) acting on physical quantum states.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Narayanan Rengaswamy , Robert Calderbank , Swanand Kadhe , Henry D. Pfister

We develop several algorithms for performing quantum phase estimation based on basic measurements and classical post-processing. We present a pedagogical review of quantum phase estimation and simulate the algorithm to numerically determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-30 Krysta M. Svore , Matthew B. Hastings , Michael Freedman

Measuring global quantum properties-such as the fidelity to complex multipartite states-is both an essential and experimentally challenging task. Classical shadow estimation offers favorable sample complexity, but typically relies on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Qingyue Zhang , Dayue Qin , Zhou You , Feng Xu , Jens Eisert , You Zhou

Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is a central verification task in quantum computing, ensuring the correctness of circuit optimizations, hardware mappings, and compilation pipelines. Among the primary symbolic methods for this…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wei-Jia Huang , Christophe Chareton , Yu-Fang Chen , Kai-Min Chung , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Alfons Laarman , Jingyi Mei