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Mobile GUI agents are becoming critical tools to improve user experience on smart devices, with multimodal large language models (MLLMs) emerging as the dominant paradigms in this domain. Current agents, however, rely on explicit human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Qinglong Yang , Haoming Li , Haotian Zhao , Xiaokai Yan , Jingtao Ding , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) show significant potential for achieving high autonomy in various scenarios such as software development. Recent research has shown that LLM agents can leverage past experiences to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Chen Qian , Jiahao Li , Yufan Dang , Wei Liu , YiFei Wang , Zihao Xie , Weize Chen , Cheng Yang , Yingli Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

GUI agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in understanding and executing user instructions. However, accurately grounding instruction-relevant elements from high-resolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yichao Liu , Huawen Shen , Liu Yu , Shiyu Liu , Zeyu Chen , Yu Zhou

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced the capabilities of AI-driven agents across various tasks. However, existing agentic systems, whether based on fixed pipeline algorithms or pre-defined…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xunjian Yin , Xinyi Wang , Liangming Pan , Li Lin , Xiaojun Wan , William Yang Wang

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), mobile agents have emerged as promising tools for phone automation, simulating human interactions on screens to accomplish complex tasks. However, these agents often suffer from…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shiquan Zhang , Tianyi Zhang , Le Fang , Simon D'Alfonso , Hong Jia , Vassilis Kostakos

Graphical User Interface (GUI) automation holds significant promise for assisting users with complex tasks, thereby boosting human productivity. Existing works leveraging Large Language Model (LLM) or LLM-based AI agents have shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Difei Gao , Lei Ji , Zechen Bai , Mingyu Ouyang , Peiran Li , Dongxing Mao , Qinchen Wu , Weichen Zhang , Peiyi Wang , Xiangwu Guo , Hengxu Wang , Luowei Zhou , Mike Zheng Shou

Although Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have been widely applied across domains, they are still facing challenges in domain-specific tasks, such as User Interface (UI) understanding accuracy and UI generation quality. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Hao Yang , Weijie Qiu , Ru Zhang , Zhou Fang , Ruichao Mao , Xiaoyu Lin , Maji Huang , Zhaosong Huang , Teng Guo , Shuoyang Liu , Hai Rao

Understanding human behavior in built environments is critical for designing functional, user centered urban spaces. Traditional approaches, such as manual observations, surveys, and simplified simulations, often fail to capture the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Ariel Noyman , Kai Hu , Kent Larson

Autonomous GUI agents face two fundamental challenges: early stopping, where agents prematurely declare success without verifiable evidence, and repetitive loops, where agents cycle through the same failing actions without recovery. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Qijun Han , Haoqin Tu , Zijun Wang , Haoyue Dai , Yiyang Zhou , Nancy Lau , Alvaro A. Cardenas , Yuhui Xu , Ran Xu , Caiming Xiong , Zeyu Zheng , Huaxiu Yao , Yuyin Zhou , Cihang Xie

Autonomous agents capable of navigating Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) hold the potential to revolutionize digital productivity. However, achieving true digital autonomy extends beyond reactive element matching; it necessitates a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Hongxin Li , Xiping Wang , Jingran Su , Zheng Ju , Yuntao Chen , Qing Li , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Standard reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model (LLM) agents typically optimizes extrinsic rewards, prioritizing isolated task completion over continual adaptation. Consequently, agents often converge to suboptimal policies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Xiaoying Zhang , Zichen Liu , Yipeng Zhang , Xia Hu , Wenqi Shao

Mobile agents show immense potential, yet current state-of-the-art (SoTA) agents exhibit inadequate success rates on real-world, long-horizon, cross-application tasks. We attribute this bottleneck to the agents' excessive reliance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuxiang Zhou , Jichang Li , Yanhao Zhang , Haonan Lu , Guanbin Li

As digital environments (data distribution) are in flux, with new GUI data arriving over time-introducing new domains or resolutions-agents trained on static environments deteriorate in performance. In this work, we introduce Continual GUI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Ziwei Liu , Borui Kang , Hangjie Yuan , Zixiang Zhao , Wei Li , Yifan Zhu , Tao Feng

Advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled a new class of self-evolving agents that autonomously improve through interaction with the environment, demonstrating strong capabilities. However, self-evolution also introduces novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Shuai Shao , Qihan Ren , Chen Qian , Boyi Wei , Dadi Guo , Jingyi Yang , Xinhao Song , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan Zhang , Dongrui Liu , Jing Shao

The advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has catalyzed the development of mobile graphic user interface (GUI) AI agents, which is designed to autonomously perform tasks on mobile devices.…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse tasks but remain fundamentally static, unable to adapt their internal parameters to novel tasks, evolving knowledge domains, or dynamic interaction…

Recent advances in foundation models, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have facilitated the development of intelligent agents capable of performing complex tasks. By leveraging the…

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent is pivotal to advancing intelligent human-computer interaction paradigms. Constructing powerful GUI agents necessitates the large-scale annotation of high-quality user-behavior trajectory data (i.e.,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Rui Lv , Juncheng Mo , Tianyi Chu , Chen Rao , Hongyi Jing , Jiajie Teng , Jiafu Chen , Shiqi Zhang , Liangzi Ding , Shuo Fang , Huaizhong Lin , Ziqiang Dang , Chenguang Ma , Lei Zhao

Most agents today ``self-evolve'' by following rewards and rules defined by humans. However, this process remains fundamentally dependent on external supervision; without human guidance, the evolution stops. In this work, we train agents to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Qifan Zhang , Dongyang Ma , Tianqing Fang , Jia Li , Jing Tang , Nuo Chen , Haitao Mi , Yan Wang

With the rapid rise of large language models (LLMs), phone automation has undergone transformative changes. This paper systematically reviews LLM-driven phone GUI agents, highlighting their evolution from script-based automation to…