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We study the iterative refinement of path planning for multiple robots, known as multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF). Given a graph, agents, their initial locations, and destinations, a solution of MAPF is a set of paths without collisions.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Keisuke Okumura , Yasumasa Tamura , Xavier Defago

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is a fundamental coordination problem in large-scale robotic and cyber-physical systems, where multiple agents must compute conflict-free trajectories with limited computational and communication resources.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-10 Kevin Riehl , Julius Schlapbach , Anastasios Kouvelas , Michail A. Makridis

Multi-agent Path Finding (MAPF) is the problem of planning collision-free movements of agents so that they get from where they are to where they need to be. Commonly, agents are located on a graph and can traverse edges. This problem has…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Alvin Combrink , Sabino Francesco Roselli , Martin Fabian

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is essential to large-scale robotic systems. Recent methods have applied reinforcement learning (RL) to learn decentralized polices in partially observable environments. A fundamental challenge of obtaining…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Ziyuan Ma , Yudong Luo , Hang Ma

The problem of finding conflict-free trajectories for multiple agents of identical circular shape, operating in shared 2D workspace, is addressed in the paper and decoupled, e.g., prioritized, approach is used to solve this problem. Agents'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-16 Konstantin Yakovlev , Anton Andreychuk

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is the problem of moving a team of agents to their goal locations without collisions. In this paper, we study the lifelong variant of MAPF, where agents are constantly engaged with new goal locations, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Jiaoyang Li , Andrew Tinka , Scott Kiesel , Joseph W. Durham , T. K. Satish Kumar , Sven Koenig

Motion planning in an autonomous agent is responsible for providing smooth, safe and efficient navigation. Many solutions for dealing this problem have been offered, one of which is, Artificial Potential Fields (APF). APF is a simple and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Javad Amiryan , Mansour Jamzad

The Mutliagent Path Finding (MAPF) problem consists of identifying the trajectories that a set of agents should follow inside a given network in order to reach their desired destinations as soon as possible, but without colliding with each…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Foivos Fioravantes , Dušan Knop , Jan Matyáš Křišťan , Nikolaos Melissinos , Michal Opler , Tung Anh Vu

Purpose of Review Planning collision-free paths for multiple robots is important for real-world multi-robot systems and has been studied as an optimization problem on graphs, called Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF). This review surveys…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Hang Ma

Many multi-robot applications require tasks to be completed efficiently and in the correct order, so that downstream operations can proceed at the right time. Multi-agent path finding with precedence constraints (MAPF-PC) is a well-studied…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Viraj Parimi , Brian C. Williams

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is the problem of finding paths for multiple agents such that they do not collide. This problem manifests in numerous real-world applications such as controlling transportation robots in automated warehouses,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Carmel Shabalin , Omri Kaduri , Roni Stern

This paper addresses a variant of multi-agent path finding (MAPF) in continuous space and time. We present a new solving approach based on satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) to obtain makespan optimal solutions. The standard MAPF is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Pavel Surynek

Multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) under one-shot planning is a core component of warehouse automation, yet classical formulations typically assume four-connected 2D grids with unit-time moves in four directions. To fill reality gaps while…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Hiroki Nagai , Keisuke Okumura

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is an important core problem for many new and emerging industrial applications. Many works appear on this topic each year, and a large number of substantial advancements and performance improvements have been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Bojie Shen , Zhe Chen , Muhammad Aamir Cheema , Daniel D. Harabor , Peter J. Stuckey

Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) is a challenging combinatorial problem that asks us to plan collision-free paths for a team of cooperative agents. In this work, we show that one of the reasons why MAPF is so hard to solve is due to a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-03-15 Jiaoyang Li , Daniel Harabor , Peter J. Stuckey , Sven Koenig

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) determines an ensemble of collision-free paths for multiple agents between their respective start and goal locations. Among the available MAPF planners for workspace modeled as a graph, A*-based approaches…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-16 Zhongqiang Ren , Sivakumar Rathinam , Howie Choset

Avoiding collisions is the core problem in multi-agent navigation. In decentralized settings, when agents have limited communication and sensory capabilities, collisions are typically avoided in a reactive fashion, relying on local…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Stepan Dergachev , Konstantin Yakovlev

In a multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) problem, agents need to navigate from their start to their goal locations without colliding into each other. There are various MAPF algorithms, including Windowed Hierarchical Cooperative A*, Flow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Devon Sigurdson , Vadim Bulitko , Sven Koenig , Carlos Hernandez , William Yeoh

Multi-agent pathfinding (MAPF) is a common abstraction of multi-robot trajectory planning problems, where multiple homogeneous robots simultaneously move in the shared environment. While solving MAPF optimally has been proven to be NP-hard,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Anton Andreychuk , Konstantin Yakovlev , Aleksandr Panov , Alexey Skrynnik

Multi-agent path finding (MAPF) is the problem of moving agents to the goal vertex without collision. In the online MAPF problem, new agents may be added to the environment at any time, and the current agents have no information about…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Mingkai Tang , Boyi Liu , Yuanhang Li , Hongji Liu , Ming Liu , Lujia Wang