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In recent years, NLP practitioners have converged on the following practice: (i) import an off-the-shelf pretrained (masked) language model; (ii) append a multilayer perceptron atop the CLS token's hidden representation (with randomly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Mrigank Raman , Pratyush Maini , J. Zico Kolter , Zachary C. Lipton , Danish Pruthi

The expansion of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) and their integration into autonomous agentic workflows has introduced a non-stationary attack surface. Empirical observations indicate that adversaries employ progressive,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Doohee You

Extending Large Language Models (LLMs) to advanced applications requires reliable structured output generation. Existing methods which often rely on rigid JSON schemas, can lead to unreliable outputs, diminished reasoning capabilities, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Chandra Irugalbandara

Multimodal agents built on large vision-language models (LVLMs) are increasingly deployed in open-world settings but remain highly vulnerable to prompt injection, especially through visual inputs. We introduce AgentTypo, a black-box…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yanjie Li , Yiming Cao , Dong Wang , Bin Xiao

Implicit in-context learning (ICL) has newly emerged as a promising paradigm that simulates ICL behaviors in the representation space of Large Language Models (LLMs), aiming to attain few-shot performance at zero-shot cost. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Jiaqian Li , Yanshu Li , Ligong Han , Ruixiang Tang , Wenya Wang

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external sources is becoming increasingly common, with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) being a prominent example. However, this integration introduces vulnerabilities of Indirect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Tongyu Wen , Chenglong Wang , Xiyuan Yang , Haoyu Tang , Yueqi Xie , Lingjuan Lyu , Zhicheng Dou , Fangzhao Wu

Despite rapid advancements in text-to-image (T2I) models, their safety mechanisms are vulnerable to adversarial prompts, which maliciously generate unsafe images. Current red-teaming methods for proactively assessing such vulnerabilities…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yufan Liu , Wanqian Zhang , Huashan Chen , Lin Wang , Xiaojun Jia , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) services and models often come with legal rules on who can use them and how they must use them. Assessing the compliance of the released LLMs is crucial, as these rules protect the interests of the LLM contributor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Martin Gubri , Dennis Ulmer , Hwaran Lee , Sangdoo Yun , Seong Joon Oh

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess latent multi-token prediction (MTP) abilities despite being trained only for next-token generation. We introduce ESP (Embedding-Space Probing), a simple and training-free MTP method that probes an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Raghavv Goel , Mukul Gagrani , Mingu Lee , Chris Lott

In the text processing context, most ML models are built on word embeddings. These embeddings are themselves trained on some datasets, potentially containing sensitive data. In some cases this training is done independently, in other cases,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Saeed Mahloujifar , Huseyin A. Inan , Melissa Chase , Esha Ghosh , Marcello Hasegawa

Prompt injection is listed as the number-one vulnerability class in the OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications that can subvert LLM guardrails, disclose sensitive data, and trigger unauthorized tool use. Developers are rapidly adopting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Amin Milani Fard

In recent years, diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in the realm of high-quality image generation, garnering increased attention. This surge in interest is paralleled by a growing concern over the security threats associated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Sen Li , Junchi Ma , Minhao Cheng

Prompt injection poses serious security risks to real-world LLM applications, particularly autonomous agents. Although many defenses have been proposed, their robustness against adaptive attacks remains insufficiently evaluated, potentially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Chenlong Yin , Runpeng Geng , Yanting Wang , Jinyuan Jia

Vision-language models (VLMs), such as CLIP, have gained significant popularity as foundation models, with numerous fine-tuning methods developed to enhance performance on downstream tasks. However, due to their inherent vulnerability and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Lijun Sheng , Jian Liang , Zilei Wang , Ran He

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been integrated into many applications (e.g., web agents) to perform more sophisticated tasks. However, LLM-empowered applications are vulnerable to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks, where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yinan Zhong , Qianhao Miao , Yanjiao Chen , Jiangyi Deng , Yushi Cheng , Wenyuan Xu

With the advent of larger and more complex deep learning models, such as in Natural Language Processing (NLP), model qualities like explainability and interpretability, albeit highly desirable, are becoming harder challenges to tackle and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Amrita Bhattacharjee , Raha Moraffah , Joshua Garland , Huan Liu

The model context protocol (MCP) has been widely adapted as an open standard enabling the seamless integration of generative AI agents. However, recent work has shown the MCP is susceptible to retrieval-based "falsely benign" attacks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 John Halloran

With the increasingly deep integration of large language models (LLMs) across diverse domains, the effectiveness of their safety mechanisms is encountering severe challenges. Currently, jailbreak attacks based on prompt engineering have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yu-Hang Wu , Yu-Jie Xiong , Hao Zhang , Jia-Chen Zhang , Zheng Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) struggle to effectively utilize a growing number of external tools, such as those defined by the Model Context Protocol (MCP)\cite{IntroducingMCP}, due to prompt bloat and selection complexity. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Tiantian Gan , Qiyao Sun

In the era of rapidly evolving large language models (LLMs), state-of-the-art rumor detection systems, particularly those based on Message Propagation Trees (MPTs), which represent a conversation tree with the post as its root and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Mingqing Zhang , Qiang Liu , Xiang Tao , Shu Wu , Liang Wang