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Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong but shallow alignment: they directly refuse harmful queries when a refusal is expected at the very start of an assistant turn, yet this protection collapses once a harmful continuation is underway…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jiawei Zhang , Andrew Estornell , David D. Baek , Bo Li , Xiaojun Xu

AI Alignment, primarily in the form of Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF), has been a cornerstone of the post-training phase in developing Large Language Models (LLMs). It has also been a popular research topic across various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Ilias Chalkidis

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning with self-consistency improves performance by aggregating multiple sampled reasoning paths. In this setting, correctness is no longer tied to a single reasoning trace but to the aggregation rule over a pool…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Yu Gu , Zijun Yu , Vahid Partovi Nia , Masoud Asgharian

Reliable uncertainty quantification (UQ) is essential for ensuring trustworthy downstream use of large language models, especially when they are deployed in decision-support and other knowledge-intensive applications. Model certainty can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Autumn Toney-Wails , Ryan Wails

Safety alignment is an essential research topic for real-world AI applications. Despite the multifaceted nature of safety and trustworthiness in AI, current safety alignment methods often focus on a comprehensive notion of safety. By…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Thien Q. Tran , Akifumi Wachi , Rei Sato , Takumi Tanabe , Youhei Akimoto

Large language models (LLMs) generate not only reasoning text, but also token-level confidence trajectories that record how uncertainty evolves during inference. Whether these trajectories are relevant to reasoning correctness remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Shuo Liu , Ding Liu , Shi-Ju Ran

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in various natural language processing tasks, yet their ability to perform multi-step logical reasoning remains an open challenge. Although Chain-of-Thought prompting has…

Large language models (LLMs) can generate fluent text, but their ability to replicate the distinctive style of a specific human author remains unclear. We present a fast, training-free framework for authorship verification and style…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Rebira Jemama , Rajesh Kumar

Alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is the ability to satisfy desired objectives during generation, which is critical for trustworthy deployment. In practice, alignment is often operationalized through multiple objectives such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Gautam Siddharth Kashyap , Mark Dras , Usman Naseem

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong performance across various natural language processing (NLP) tasks but remain vulnerable to hallucinations, generating factually incorrect or misleading outputs. Uncertainty estimation, often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Manh Nguyen , Sunil Gupta , Hung Le

A trustworthy real-world prediction system should produce well-calibrated confidence scores; that is, its confidence in an answer should be indicative of the likelihood that the answer is correct, enabling deferral to an expert in cases of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Katherine Tian , Eric Mitchell , Allan Zhou , Archit Sharma , Rafael Rafailov , Huaxiu Yao , Chelsea Finn , Christopher D. Manning

Accurately quantifying uncertainty in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for their reliable deployment, especially in high-stakes applications. Current state-of-the-art methods for measuring semantic uncertainty in LLMs rely on strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yashvir S. Grewal , Edwin V. Bonilla , Thang D. Bui

Effectively training Large Language Models (LLMs) for complex, long-CoT reasoning is often bottlenecked by the need for massive high-quality reasoning data. Existing methods are either computationally expensive or fail to reliably…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xiaoyuan Li , Yubo Ma , Chengpeng Li , Fengbin Zhu , Yiyao Yu , Keqin Bao , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng , Dayiheng Liu

Adapting small instruction-tuned models to specialized domains often relies on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on curated instruction-response examples, which is expensive to collect at scale. Synthetic training examples generated by a teacher…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Arun K Lenin , Kai Rouse , Andrea Nicastro , Anna Leontjeva

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in various perception and reasoning tasks. Despite this success, ensuring their reliability in practical deployment necessitates robust confidence…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yunkai Dang , Yifan Jiang , Yizhu Jiang , Anqi Chen , Wenbin Li , Yang Gao

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a transformative approach for aligning and enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), addressing critical challenges in instruction following, ethical alignment, and reasoning capabilities. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Saksham Sahai Srivastava , Vaneet Aggarwal

Using a language model to score or rank candidate responses has become a scalable alternative to human evaluation in reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) pipelines, benchmarking, and application layer evaluations. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Ryan Lail , Luke Markham

Vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes settings where reliable uncertainty quantification (UQ) is as important as predictive accuracy. Extended reasoning via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Robert Welch , Emir Konuk , Kevin Smith

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is the prevailing approach to ensure Large Language Models (LLMs) align with human values. However, existing RLHF methods require a high computational cost, one main reason being that RLHF…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Yu Zhu , Chuxiong Sun , Wenfei Yang , Wenqiang Wei , Bo Tang , Tianzhu Zhang , Zhiyu Li , Shifeng Zhang , Feiyu Xiong , Jie Hu , Mingchuan yang

It is important for Large Language Models (LLMs) to be aware of the boundary of their knowledge, distinguishing queries they can confidently answer from those that lie beyond their capabilities. Such awareness enables models to perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Lihu Chen , Gerard de Melo , Fabian M. Suchanek , Gaël Varoquaux