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We study the problem of off-policy evaluation (OPE) in Reinforcement Learning (RL), where the aim is to estimate the performance of a new policy given historical data that may have been generated by a different policy, or policies. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-16 Aurélien F. Bibaut , Ivana Malenica , Nikos Vlassis , Mark J. van der Laan

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn a policy from a static dataset without further interactions with the environment. Collecting sufficiently large datasets for offline RL is exhausting since this data collection requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jongchan Park , Mingyu Park , Donghwan Lee

We consider reinforcement learning (RL) methods in offline domains without additional online data collection, such as mobile health applications. Most of existing policy optimization algorithms in the computer science literature are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-07-28 Chengchun Shi , Shikai Luo , Yuan Le , Hongtu Zhu , Rui Song

In safe Reinforcement Learning (RL), safety cost is typically defined as a function dependent on the immediate state and actions. In practice, safety constraints can often be non-Markovian due to the insufficient fidelity of state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Siow Meng Low , Akshat Kumar

Mainstream approximate action-value iteration reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms suffer from overestimation bias, leading to suboptimal policies in high-variance stochastic environments. Quantile-based action-value iteration methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Clinton Enwerem , Aniruddh G. Puranic , John S. Baras , Calin Belta

Many reinforcement learning algorithms, particularly those that rely on return estimates for policy improvement, can suffer from poor sample efficiency and training instability due to high-variance return estimates. In this paper we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Alexander W. Goodall , Edwin Hamel-De le Court , Francesco Belardinelli

Safety is one of the main challenges in applying reinforcement learning to realistic environmental tasks. To ensure safety during and after training process, existing methods tend to adopt overly conservative policy to avoid unsafe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Xiao Zhang , Hai Zhang , Hongtu Zhou , Chang Huang , Di Zhang , Chen Ye , Junqiao Zhao

Off-Policy reinforcement learning (RL) is an important class of methods for many problem domains, such as robotics, where the cost of collecting data is high and on-policy methods are consequently intractable. Standard methods for applying…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Riley Simmons-Edler , Ben Eisner , Eric Mitchell , Sebastian Seung , Daniel Lee

Recently, Offline Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved remarkable progress with the emergence of various algorithms and datasets. However, these methods usually focus on algorithmic advancements, ignoring that many low-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Bingyi Kang , Xiao Ma , Yirui Wang , Yang Yue , Shuicheng Yan

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) tries to learn the near-optimal policy with recorded offline experience without online exploration. Current offline RL research includes: 1) generative modeling, i.e., approximating a policy using fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Hua Wei , Deheng Ye , Zhao Liu , Hao Wu , Bo Yuan , Qiang Fu , Wei Yang , Zhenhui Li

Offline safe reinforcement learning (OSRL) involves learning a decision-making policy to maximize rewards from a fixed batch of training data to satisfy pre-defined safety constraints. However, adapting to varying safety constraints during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yassine Chemingui , Aryan Deshwal , Honghao Wei , Alan Fern , Janardhan Rao Doppa

We study the problem of training and fine-tuning expressive policies with online reinforcement learning (RL) given an offline dataset. Training expressive policy classes with online RL present a unique challenge of stable value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Perry Dong , Qiyang Li , Dorsa Sadigh , Chelsea Finn

Classical reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are generally concerned with the design of decision-making policies driven by the maximisation of the expected outcome. Nevertheless, this approach does not take into consideration the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Thibaut Théate , Damien Ernst

Offline safe reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn policies from a fixed dataset while maximizing performance under cumulative cost constraints. In practice, deployment requirements often vary across scenarios, necessitating a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Wensong Bai , Chao Zhang , Qihang Xu , Chufan Chen , Chenhao Zhou , Hui Qian

Off-policy reinforcement learning holds the promise of sample-efficient learning of decision-making policies by leveraging past experience. However, in the offline RL setting -- where a fixed collection of interactions are provided and no…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Seyed Kamyar Seyed Ghasemipour , Dale Schuurmans , Shixiang Shane Gu

Many reinforcement learning (RL) problems in practice are offline, learning purely from observational data. A key challenge is how to ensure the learned policy is safe, which requires quantifying the risk associated with different actions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Yecheng Jason Ma , Dinesh Jayaraman , Osbert Bastani

Recently, robust reinforcement learning (RL) methods against input observation have garnered significant attention and undergone rapid evolution due to RL's potential vulnerability. Although these advanced methods have achieved reasonable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Kosuke Nakanishi , Akihiro Kubo , Yuji Yasui , Shin Ishii

There is increasing interest in data-driven approaches for recommending optimal treatment strategies in many chronic disease management and critical care applications. Reinforcement learning methods are well-suited to this sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Milashini Nambiar , Supriyo Ghosh , Priscilla Ong , Yu En Chan , Yong Mong Bee , Pavitra Krishnaswamy

Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) to recommender systems (RS) is promising since maximizing the expected cumulative rewards for RL agents meets the objective of RS, i.e., improving customers' long-term satisfaction. A key approach to this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Chengqian Gao , Ke Xu , Kuangqi Zhou , Lanqing Li , Xueqian Wang , Bo Yuan , Peilin Zhao

Offline Reinforcement Learning (ORL) enablesus to separately study the two interlinked processes of reinforcement learning: collecting informative experience and inferring optimal behaviour. The second step has been widely studied in the…

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