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Repository-level code intelligence tasks require large language models (LLMs) to process long, multi-file contexts. Such inputs introduce three challenges: crucial context can be obscured by noise, truncated due to limited windows, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Jia Feng , Zhanyue Qin , Cuiyun Gao , Ruiqi Wang , Chaozheng Wang , Yingwei Ma , Xiaoyuan Xie

While the numerous parameters in Large Language Models (LLMs) contribute to their superior performance, this massive scale makes them inefficient and memory-hungry. Thus, they are hard to deploy on commodity hardware, such as one single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Zhaozhuo Xu , Zirui Liu , Beidi Chen , Yuxin Tang , Jue Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Xia Hu , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large reasoning models (LRMs) typically solve reasoning-intensive tasks by generating long chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, leading to substantial inference overhead. We identify a reproducible inference-time phenomenon, termed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jie Deng , Shining Liang , Jun Li , Hongzhi Li , Yutao Xie

Leveraging large language models (LLMs) for complex natural language tasks typically requires long-form prompts to convey detailed requirements and information, which results in increased memory usage and inference costs. To mitigate these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Zongqian Li , Yinhong Liu , Yixuan Su , Nigel Collier

Providing extensive context via prompting is vital for leveraging the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, lengthy contexts significantly increase inference latency, as the computational cost of self-attention grows…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Guojie Liu , Yiqi Wang , Yanfeng Yang , Wenqi Fan , Songlei Jian , Jianfeng Zhang , Jie Yu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards improves LLM reasoning but often induces overthinking, where models generate unnecessarily long reasoning traces. Existing methods mainly rely on length penalties or early-exit strategies;…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Chen Wang , Hexuan Deng , Yining Zhang , Yuchen Zhang , Jionghao Bai , Zhaochun Li , Ge Lan , Yue Wang

Evaluating the quality of machine-generated natural language content is a challenging task in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Recently, large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4 have been employed for this purpose, but they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Daniil Larionov , Steffen Eger

LLM-powered agents often use prompt compression to reduce inference costs, but this introduces a new security risk. Compression modules, which are optimized for efficiency rather than safety, can be manipulated by adversarial inputs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zesen Liu , Zhixiang Zhang , Yuchong Xie , Dongdong She

Chain-of-thought reasoning in large language models can trigger an "overthinking trap": longer rollouts raise cost and latency yet often yield unreliable accuracy gains. Existing methods use global, static controls that may suppress needed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Hanyu Li , Jiangshan Duo , Bofei Gao , Hailin Zhang , Sujian Li , Xiaotie Deng , Liang Zhao

Modern deployment often requires trading accuracy for efficiency under tight CPU and memory constraints, yet common compression proxies such as parameter count or FLOPs do not reliably predict wall-clock inference time. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Longsheng Zhou , Yu Shen

Prompt tuning is a promising method to fine-tune a pre-trained language model without retraining its large-scale parameters. Instead, it attaches a soft prompt to the input text, whereby downstream tasks can be well adapted by merely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Pengxiang Lan , Enneng Yang , Yuting Liu , Guibing Guo , Jianzhe Zhao , Xingwei Wang

We empirically audit the k-NAF budget-accounting mechanism in Anchored Decoding using (i) a fixed, class-stratified workload (approximately 8,500 randomized executions across six prompt classes) and (ii) an adaptive prompt-search procedure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 J. Vijayavallabh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown exceptional abilities for multiple different natural language processing tasks. While prompting is a crucial tool for LLM inference, we observe that there is a significant cost associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Muhammad Asif Ali , Zhengping Li , Shu Yang , Keyuan Cheng , Yang Cao , Tianhao Huang , Guimin Hu , Weimin Lyu , Lijie Hu , Lu Yu , Di Wang

Real-world data often comes in compressed form. Analyzing compressed data directly (without decompressing it) can save space and time by orders of magnitude. In this work, we focus on fundamental sequence comparison problems and try to…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Arun Ganesh , Tomasz Kociumaka , Andrea Lincoln , Barna Saha

Prompt engineering is crucial for leveraging the full potential of large language models (LLMs). While automatic prompt optimization offers a scalable alternative to costly manual design, generating effective prompts remains challenging.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Wenhang Shi , Yiren Chen , Shuqing Bian , Xinyi Zhang , Kai Tang , Pengfei Hu , Zhe Zhao , Wei Lu , Xiaoyong Du

Large reasoning models (LRMs) such as Claude 3.7 Sonnet and OpenAI o1 achieve strong performance on mathematical benchmarks using lengthy chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, but the resulting traces are often unnecessarily verbose. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Ye Yu , Yaoning Yu , Haohan Wang

As terminal agents scale to long-horizon, multi-turn workflows, a key bottleneck is not merely limited context length, but the accumulation of noisy terminal observations in the interaction history. Retaining raw observations preserves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Jincheng Ren , Siwei Wu , Yizhi Li , Kang Zhu , Shu Xu , Boyu Feng , Ruibin Yuan , Wei Zhang , Riza Batista-Navarro , Jian Yang , Chenghua Lin

Efficient LLM inference research has largely focused on reducing the cost of each decoding step (e.g., using quantization, pruning, or sparse attention), typically applying a uniform computation budget to every generated token. In practice,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances coding tasks by incorporating retrieved code examples into prompts. However, lengthy prompts, often exceeding tens of thousands of tokens, introduce challenges related to limited context windows…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Pengfei He , Shaowei Wang , Tse-Hsun Chen

LLM-powered coding agents, which operate in iterative loops (turns) to solve software engineering tasks, are becoming increasingly powerful. However, their practical deployment is hindered by significant and unpredictable costs. This…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Pengfei Gao , Chao Peng