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We introduce OPENXRD, a comprehensive benchmarking framework for evaluating large language models (LLMs) and multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) in crystallography question answering. The framework measures context assimilation, or how models use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Ali Vosoughi , Ayoub Shahnazari , Yufeng Xi , Zeliang Zhang , Griffin Hess , Chenliang Xu , Niaz Abdolrahim

This study presents a framework for automated evaluation of dynamically evolving topic models using Large Language Models (LLMs). Topic modeling is essential for organizing and retrieving scholarly content in digital library systems,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zhiyin Tan , Jennifer D'Souza

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable proficiency in generating detailed and coherent explanations of complex concepts. However, the extent to which these models truly comprehend the concepts they articulate remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Saeid Asgari Taghanaki , Joao Monteiro

Competency Questions (CQs) are pivotal in knowledge engineering, guiding the design, validation, and testing of ontologies. A number of diverse formulation approaches have been proposed in the literature, ranging from completely manual to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Reham Alharbi , Valentina Tamma , Terry R. Payne , Jacopo de Berardinis

Evaluating large language models typically relies on human-authored benchmarks, reference answers, and human or single-model judgments, approaches that scale poorly, become quickly outdated, and mismatch open-world deployments that depend…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Yanki Margalit , Erni Avram , Ran Taig , Oded Margalit , Nurit Cohen-Inger

In the rapidly evolving domain of Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for assessing generated content quality, e.g., coherence, creativity, and context relevance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhen Li , Xiaohan Xu , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Jia-Chen Gu , Yuxuan Lai , Chongyang Tao , Shuai Ma

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are gaining increasing popularity in both academia and industry due to their remarkable performance in various applications such as visual question answering, visual perception, understanding, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Jian Li , Weiheng Lu , Hao Fei , Meng Luo , Ming Dai , Min Xia , Yizhang Jin , Zhenye Gan , Ding Qi , Chaoyou Fu , Ying Tai , Wankou Yang , Yabiao Wang , Chengjie Wang

The deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) in high-stakes clinical settings demands rigorous and reliable evaluation. However, existing medical benchmarks remain static, suffering from two critical limitations: (1) data contamination,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zhiling Yan , Dingjie Song , Zhe Fang , Yisheng Ji , Xiang Li , Quanzheng Li , Lichao Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in mathematical problem-solving. However, the transition from providing answers to generating high-quality educational questions presents significant challenges that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Chengliang Zhou , Mei Wang , Ting Zhang , Qiannan Zhu , Jian Li , Hua Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated substantial progress on reasoning tasks involving unstructured text, yet their capabilities significantly deteriorate when reasoning requires integrating structured external knowledge such as…

With the proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in diverse domains, there is a particular need for unified evaluation standards in clinical medical scenarios, where models need to be examined very thoroughly. We present CliMedBench,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Zetian Ouyang , Yishuai Qiu , Linlin Wang , Gerard de Melo , Ya Zhang , Yanfeng Wang , Liang He

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for writing and review support, but their usefulness depends on context-dependent criteria, such as expert preferences or organization-specific conventions, that are often tacit,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Kotaro Yoshida , So Kuroki , Yuki Imajuku , Taishi Nakamura , Ryunosuke Iwai , Haruki Goda , Takuya Akiba

Open-domain question answering (Open-QA) is a common task for evaluating large language models (LLMs). However, current Open-QA evaluations are criticized for the ambiguity in questions and the lack of semantic understanding in evaluators.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Peiran Yao , Denilson Barbosa

Competency Questions (CQs) are a cornerstone of requirement elicitation in ontology engineering. CQs represent requirements as a set of natural language questions that an ontology should satisfy; they are traditionally modelled by ontology…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Reham Alharbi , Valentina Tamma , Terry R. Payne , Jacopo de Berardinis

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to legal domain-specific tasks, evaluating their ability to perform legal work in real-world settings has become essential. However, existing legal benchmarks rely on simplified and…

Multiple-choice questions (MCQ) are frequently used to assess large language models (LLMs). Typically, an LLM is given a question and selects the answer deemed most probable after adjustments for factors like length. Unfortunately, LLMs may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Aidar Myrzakhan , Sondos Mahmoud Bsharat , Zhiqiang Shen

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in text generation, reasoning, and decision-making, enabling their adoption in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, law, and transportation. However, their reliability is a major concern, as they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Xiaoou Liu , Tiejin Chen , Longchao Da , Chacha Chen , Zhen Lin , Hua Wei

Open-ended question answering (QA) is a key task for evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Compared to closed-ended QA, it demands longer answer statements, more nuanced reasoning processes, and diverse expressions,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yongqi Fan , Yating Wang , Guandong Wang , Jie Zhai , Jingping Liu , Qi Ye , Tong Ruan

As the importance of comprehensive evaluation in workshop courses increases, there is a growing demand for efficient and fair assessment methods that reduce the workload for faculty members. This paper presents an evaluation conducted with…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Toru Ishida , Tongxi Liu , Hailong Wang , William K. Cheung
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