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As geospatial machine learning models and maps derived from their predictions are increasingly used for downstream analyses in science and policy, it is imperative to evaluate their accuracy and applicability. Geospatial machine learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Esther Rolf

Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a widely recognized technique for modeling spatial heterogeneity. However, it is commonly assumed that the relationships between dependent and independent variables are linear. To overcome this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Jianfei Cao , Dongchao Wang

Geospatial Foundation Models (GeoFMs) are transforming Earth Observation (EO), but evaluation lacks standardized protocols. GEO-Bench-2 addresses this with a comprehensive framework spanning classification, segmentation, regression, object…

Generative models have recently been explored for synthesizing neural network weights. These approaches take neural network checkpoints as training data and aim to generate high-performing weights during inference. In this work, we examine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Boya Zeng , Yida Yin , Zhiqiu Xu , Zhuang Liu

We explore the use of convolutional neural networks for the semantic classification of remote sensing scenes. Two recently proposed architectures, CaffeNet and GoogLeNet, are adopted, with three different learning modalities. Besides…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-08-04 Marco Castelluccio , Giovanni Poggi , Carlo Sansone , Luisa Verdoliva

Geospatial foundation models (GFMs) have been proposed as generalizable backbones for disaster response, land-cover mapping, food-security monitoring, and other high-stakes Earth-observation tasks. Yet the published work about these models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Isaac Corley , Nils Lehmann , Caleb Robinson , Gabriel Tseng , Anthony Fuller , Hamed Alemohammad , Evan Shelhamer , Jennifer Marcus , Hannah Kerner

Unified remote sensing multimodal models exhibit a pronounced spatial reversal curse: Although they can accurately recognize and describe object locations in images, they often fail to faithfully execute the same spatial relations during…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Weiyu Zhang , Yuan Hu , Yong Li , Yu Liu

The amount of the available geospatial data grows at an ever faster pace. This leads to the constantly increasing demand for processing power and storage in order to provide data analysis in a timely manner. At the same time, a lot of…

Databases · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Dimitri Vorona , Andreas Kipf , Thomas Neumann , Alfons Kemper

Recent progress in self-supervision has shown that pre-training large neural networks on vast amounts of unsupervised data can lead to substantial increases in generalization to downstream tasks. Such models, recently coined foundation…

Foundation models, as a mainstream technology in artificial intelligence, have demonstrated immense potential across various domains in recent years, particularly in handling complex tasks and multimodal data. In the field of geophysics,…

Geophysics · Physics 2025-04-28 Hanlin Sheng , Xinming Wu , Hang Gao , Haibin Di , Sergey Fomel , Jintao Li , Xu Si

We develop a foundation model using 1.2m high resolution satellite images of the Netherlands. By combining a Convolutional Neural Network and a Vision Transformer, the model captures both low- and high-frequency landscape features, such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Paul Vermeeren , Heysem Kaya

Addressing the challenges of climate change requires accurate and high-resolution mapping of geospatial data, especially climate and weather variables. However, many existing geospatial datasets, such as the gridded outputs of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Guiye Li , Guofeng Cao

Despite continuous improvements, precipitation forecasts are still not as accurate and reliable as those of other meteorological variables. A major contributing factor to this is that several key processes affecting precipitation…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2022-11-09 Lucy Harris , Andrew T. T. McRae , Matthew Chantry , Peter D. Dueben , Tim N. Palmer

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) achieve great success in non-Euclidean structure data processing recently. In existing studies, deeper layers are used in CCNs to extract deeper features of Euclidean structure data. However, for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Junhua Ma , Jiajun Li , Xueming Li , Xu Li

Large pre-trained models, also known as foundation models (FMs), are trained in a task-agnostic manner on large-scale data and can be adapted to a wide range of downstream tasks by fine-tuning, few-shot, or even zero-shot learning. Despite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Gengchen Mai , Weiming Huang , Jin Sun , Suhang Song , Deepak Mishra , Ninghao Liu , Song Gao , Tianming Liu , Gao Cong , Yingjie Hu , Chris Cundy , Ziyuan Li , Rui Zhu , Ni Lao

Artificial intelligence is a key enabler for next-generation wireless communication and sensing. Yet, today's learning-based wireless techniques do not generalize well: most models are task-specific, environment-dependent, and limited to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-05 Vahid Yazdnian , Yasaman Ghasempour

We present GeoGrid-Bench, a benchmark designed to evaluate the ability of foundation models to understand geo-spatial data in the grid structure. Geo-spatial datasets pose distinct challenges due to their dense numerical values, strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Bowen Jiang , Yangxinyu Xie , Xiaomeng Wang , Jiashu He , Joshua Bergerson , John K Hutchison , Jordan Branham , Camillo J Taylor , Tanwi Mallick

Many current deep learning approaches make extensive use of backbone networks pre-trained on large datasets like ImageNet, which are then fine-tuned to perform a certain task. In remote sensing, the lack of comparable large annotated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Konrad Heidler , Lichao Mou , Di Hu , Pu Jin , Guangyao Li , Chuang Gan , Ji-Rong Wen , Xiao Xiang Zhu

Visual transformers have driven major progress in remote sensing image analysis, particularly in object detection and segmentation. Recent vision-language and multimodal models further extend these capabilities by incorporating auxiliary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yu Li , Guilherme N. DeSouza , Praveen Rao , Chi-Ren Shyu

Subsurface earth models (referred to as geo-models) are crucial for characterizing complex subsurface systems. Multiple-point statistics are commonly used to generate geo-models. In this paper, a deep-learning-based generative method is…

Geophysics · Physics 2023-08-23 Jungang Chen , Chung-Kan Huang , Jose F. Delgado , Siddharth Misra